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SECOND YEAR LATIN 
FOR SIGHT READING 


SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND 
i wNEPOS 2: 


BY 


ARTHUR L. JANES 


BOYS’ HIGH SCHOOL, BROOKLYN 


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NEW YORK -:: CINCINNATI «:- CHICAGO 
AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY 


CoPpyYRIGHT, 1911, BY 


ARTHUR L, JANES. 


ENTERED AT STATIONERS’ HALL, LONDON, 


SECOND YEAR LATIN. 


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PREFACE 


THE conviction has long been growing that pupils, in 
their study of Latin, are not gaining all they should in 
power to translate; that too much effort is expended 
on syntax and on thumbing the vocabulary. In most 
-schcols this intensive work of the second year has been 
‘imited to the first four books of Caesar’s Gallic War. 
Students have learned to depend on notes and vocabulary 
rather than upon themselves. They have done little inde- 
pendent thinking. In this way they have spent much 
‘time and yet have made scanty progress in ability to trans- 
late, and have lost all opportunity to read the more inter- 
esting parts of Books V, VI, and VII of the Gallic War, 
the very important and highly entertaining narrative of 
the Czvil War, and the attractive Lzves of Nepos. To 
remedy these conditions is the purpose of this book. 

Selections have been made from Books III-VII of the 
Gallic War, from Book III of the Czvz/ War, and from 
Nepos. All words which Professor Lodge in The Vocabu- 
lary of High School Latin has shown should be mastered 
by the end of the second year are printed in full-faced 
type in the text where they first occur. These words with 
their meanings and forms, together with all other first 
occurrences, are given in the page vocabularies. The 
meanings—but not the forms—of others are repeated 


where necessary, so that pupils will carry in mind only 


that definite and limited list of words which Professor 
3 


227001 


4 « SELECTIONS ‘FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


- Lodge has shown to be of frequent occurrence and of the 
greatest value. | 

The footnotes include the meanings of the less usual 
words, unusual meanings of common words, hints on deri- 
vation and translation, and synonyms. Matters of syntax 
and history have been reduced to a minimum. 

The chapter on word formation has been made short 
and simple with the thought that much of this work should 
be postponed till later in the course. 

The editor wishes to acknowledge his gratitude to the 
many teachers of Latin who have given helpful sugges- 
tions, and especially to Dr. Ernst Riess, Chairmar of 
the Department of Ancient Languages in the Boys’ Higi. 
School, Brooklyn, who has carefully read the entire manu- 


script. 


ARTHUR L. JANES. 
Boys’ HIGH SCHOOL, BROOKLYN. 


CONTENTS 


SIGHT TRANSLATION . 


CAESAR: Selections from the Gallic War 
Book III 
Book IV 
Book V 
Book VI 


Book VII 


CAESAR: Selections from the Civil War 
Book III i 


NeEpos: Life and Works 


Selections from the Lives: 


. Miltiades . 


Themistocles 


. Cimon 

. Epaminondas 
. Hannibal . 
VI. 


Cato. 


WoRD FORMATION 


INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 


PAGE 


109 


165 


166 
176 
187 
IgI 
203 
216 


221 


223 


i ee ; 
ay. 





SIGHT TRANSLATION 


THis volume contains considerably more Latin than 
is generally read in the second year. The purpose of the 
additional matter is that the teacher may be given a com- 
paratively wide range of choice and zo¢ that a much greater 
amount be read. It cannot be too strongly urged that 
teachers should exercise the utmost care lest sight trans- 
lation become a matter of quantity rather than of quality, 
and lest the pupil think that translation is the result of 
combining memory with guesswork. It must be under- 
stood that the purpose of sight translation is the develop- 
ment of power — not the careless reading of much Latin. 
The difference between sight translation and the prepared 
translation is one not of quantity but simply of method. 
In sight translation, only that information is given which 
is absolutely and wholly new tothe pupil. For the rest 
he must depend upon his own experience and ingenuity. 

It is suggested that a large part of this sight work be 
done in class. The pupil should be urged to follow 
closely and get whatever he can from the sentence as the 
Latin is carefully read by the teacher. The reading may 
be repeated several times and the meaning brought out 
so far as possible by careful accentuation. The pupil 
may then be asked to give the meaning of the sentence 
in a general way. This may be followed by a rereading 
by phrases in order of occurrence, and the main import 
of each phrase and its relation to others should be under- 

| 7 


8 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


stood before it is left. The meaning of many phrases 
is so clear that translation will be found unnecessary. 
Another reading by the teacher will sérve to make the 
various parts of the sentence fall into their proper relations 
_ in the student’s mind. Following this a pupil may be 
asked to give in his own words—vwith the text before 
him — not a translation but the full and complete meaning 
of the sentence as it appears to him. By this method, 
much of the slavish adherence to Latin idioms will be 
avoided. 

The text covered in this way may be the assigned trans- 
lation for the next recitation when syntax and forms may 
be considered as fully as desired. It should be remem- . 
bered, however, that syntactical questions should be asked 
simply for the purpose of ascertaining the pupil’s knowl- 
edge of the bearing of the phrase or word on the meaning 
of the sentence and not for the purpose of attaching labels 
to ablatives and subjunctives. | 


ie IULII CAESARIS : 
Me BELLO CALLICO 


LIBER TERTIUS pep J 
Caesar sends Galba against the Nantuates, Veragri, and Seduni. Galba 
goes into winter quarters at Octodurus. 

Cum in Italiam proficiscerétdr Caesar, Servium 
Galbain cum legidne duodecima et parte equitatiis in 
Nantuatés, Veragros, Sediindsque misit, qui a finibus 
Allobrogum et laci Lemanno et flumine Rhodano ad 

5 summas Alpés pertinent. Causa mittendi fuit quod’ 
iter per Alpés, oa magno cum ‘periculd magnisque cum - 





Lrser i telacrrer: 
5 a eri i gelbi e 


bpafte equrcacat mnancaaol weragrof- fednof quemsftc.qui 


ne 
1 * 


Beginning of the Third Book of the Gallic War, from a manuscript of the tenth 
century. Reduced one half. 


portoriis? mercatorés ire consuérant,’® patefieri volébat. 
Huic permisit] si opus esse arbitrarétur, uti in his locis 
legionem hispbpan eas collocaret. Galba, secundis 4 
roaliquot proeliis factis /castellisque compluribus eorum . 
expugnatis} missis ad eum undique légatig obsidibusque 
dais pace facta, constituit cohortés duas in Nantu- 


aliquot, indecl. adj., several. 





1. quod iter... patefieri: 3. (Contracted from codnsuéve- 
preserve the Latin order in rant): were (lit. had become) ac- 
translation; iter is subject of czstomed. 
patefieri. 4. Translate the five ablatives ab- 

2. customs duty. solute by short, simple sentences, 


9 


IO SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


atibus collocare et ipse cum reliquis eius legidnis cohor- 
tibus in vicoO. Veragrorum, qui appellatur Octddirus, 
hiemare; qui vicus positus in valle, non magna! adiecta 
planitié,? altissimis montibus undique continétur. Cum? 

5 hic in duas partés fliimine dividerétur, alteram partem 
elus vici Gallis concessit, alteram vacuam ab his re- 
lictam cohortibus attribuit. Eum locum vall6 fossaque 
miinivit. 


The mountain tribes revolt and occupy near-by heights. 


2. Cum diés hiberndrum complirés transissent fri- 
1omentumque e6 comportari iussisset, subit6 per explora- 
torés certior factus est ex ea parte vici quam Gallis 
concesserat omnés noctii discessisse montésque qui 
impendérent 4 maxima multitidine Sedinodrum et 
Veragrérum tenéri. Id‘ aliquot® dé causis acciderat, ut 
1ssubits Galli belli renovandi legidnisque opprimendae 
consilium caperent: primum, quod legidnem iinam, 
neque® eam plénissimam, détractis’ cohortibus duabus 
et compliribus singillatim, qui commeatiis petendi causa 
missi erant, absentibus* propter paucitatem déspicié- 


vallés, vallis, f., a valley. 

adicid, -ere, -iéci, -iectum, add; 
cf. ad+iacid: adiecta as an adj., 
lying near. 

attribu0, -ere, -tribui, -tribiitum, 


assign. 
renovo, I, renew ; cf. novus. 
plénus, -a, -um, /7//. 
singillatim, adv.; cf. singuli. 
paucitas, paucitatis, f.; cf. pauci. 





I. non magna = parva. 

2. plain. 

3- Causal. 

4. Explained by ut . . . cape- 
rent. 

5. aliquot dé causis: these rea- 
sons are (I) quod... déspicié- 
bant, (2) quod... existimabant, 


(3) quod . . . dolébant, and 
(4) (quod) ... habébant. 

6. and not. 
9, détractis ... absentibus: 
these ablatives absolute give the 
reasons for neque eam pleénis- 
simam. . 

8. Abl. abs. with compliribus, 


CAESAR, GALLIC WAR, BOOK III II 


bant;! tum etiam, quod propter iniquitatem? loci, cum 
ipsi* ex montibus in vallem décurrerent et téla con- 
icerent, né primum quidem impetum suum posse sus- 
tinéri existimabant. Accédébat quod suds ab sé liberds 
5 abstractds obsidum‘* ndmine dolébant et ROmanés* non 
sdlum itinerum causa, sed etiam perpetuae possessi6nis ® 
culmina Alpium occupare conari et ea loca finitimae 
provinciae adiungere sibi persuasum habébant. 


The Romans, called to a council, determine to defend thetr postition. 


3. His niintiis acceptis Galba, cum neque opus hiber- 
ronodrum miunitidnésque pléné essent perfectae neque dé 
frimento reliquoque commeatii satis esset provisum, 
quod déditidne facta obsidibusque acceptis nihil dé bello 
timendum existimaverat, cOonsilid celeriter convocatd 
sententias exquirere’ coepit. Qud6 in cénsilid, cum tan- 
15 tum repentini periculi® praeter opinidnem accidisset ac 
iam omnia feré superidra loca multitidine armatorum 
compléta conspicerentur neque subsidid® veniri” neque 
commeatiis supportari™ interclisis itineribus possent, 
prope iam déspérata salute non nillae eius modi senten- 
20 tiae dicébantur, ut impedimentis relictis Gruptione facta 


abstraho; cf. traho. adiungo; cf. iungo. 
culmen, culminis, n., Zof. 





1. despised. 6. Sc. causa. 

2. propter iniquitatem: on ac- 7. ask for. 
count of the unfavorable char- 8. Partitive gen. with tan- 
acter; modifies sustinéri. tum. — 

3. The mountaineers. g. Dat. of purpose. 

4. Obsidum nodmine: as (lit. 10. Impersonal and _ passive, 
under the name of ) hostages. but translate as personal and 

5. ROmands ... adiungere; active. Supply posset from pos- 


tells the fact which sibi persua- sent. 
sum habébant. 11. Cf. ports. 


I2 


IO 


15 


SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


isdem itineribus quibus e6 pervénissent ad saliitem con- 
tenderent. Maidri tamen parti placuit, hdc reservatd 
ad extremum cOnsilid, interim rei €ventum experiri'! et 
castra défendere. 


The Romans are attacked and outnumbered. 

4. Brevi spatio interiectd,” vix ut iis rébus* quas con- 
stituissent comparandis atque administrandis tempus 
darétur, hostés* ex omnibus partibus signo dato decur- 
rere, lapidés gaesaque in vallum conicere. Nostri prim6 
integris ° viribus fortiter propugnare ® neque tllum fristra 
télum ex locO superiOre mittere, et quaecumque pars 
castrorum nudata défénsoribus premi vidébatur, e6 occur- 
rere et auxilium ferre; sed hdc’ superari, quod dittur- 
nitate* pugnae hostés défessi proelid excédébant, alii 
integris* viribus succédébant; quarum rérum ” a nostris 
propter paucitatem fieri nihil poterat, ac non modo”™ 
défesso ” ex pugna excédendi,* sed né saucid quidem 
eius loci ubi constiterat relinquendi ac sui regen! 
facultas dabatur. 


-historical 


gaesum, -i, n., Aeavy javelin. 
integer, -gra, -grum, wztouched, 
Sresh. 


friistra, 27 vain. 
saucius, -a, -um, wounded, hurt, 
injured. 





I. experiri and défendere: 
subjects of placuit. Trans.: the 
majority voted to et etc., and to 
defend. 

2. Cf. iacid. 

3. Dative. 

4. Nom. as subject of the 
infinitives decurrere 
and conicere : so also nostri... 
propugnare, line 9, etc.: 

5. integris viribus: 
denoting time. 


abl. abs., 


6. Note the force of the pri 
in propugnare. 
7. Abl. of specification. 
8. long duration. 
9. integris viribus : 
description. 
to. Partitive gen. with nihil. 
Ir. ndn modo: sc. non. 
12. défess6, saucid: indirect 
objects of dabatur. 
13. excédendi, loci relinquendi, 
sui recipiendi : modify facultas. 


abl. of 


CAESAR, GALLIC WAR, BOOK III 13 


After a six hours’ battle, Galba decides upon a sally. 


5. Cum iam amplius hdris 
sex continenter pugnarétur,' ac 
non sdlum virés sed etiam téla 










ae ah 
nostros déficerent, atque hostés Xs Nes WO 
or . po ‘ae. . . J _—_ * Y, nt 7 TAN 
5 acrius instarent, languidioribus- qe AY py 
TI Ne zl ee 


que’ nostris vallum scindere et 
fossas complére coepissent, rés- 
que esset iam ad extrémum per- 
ducta casum, P. Sextius Baculus, 

10 primi pili centurio, quem * Ner- 
vic6 proelid compliribus co6n- 
fectum vulneribus diximus, et 
item C. Volusénus, tribinus 
_ militum, vir et consilii magni et 

15 Virtiitis, ad Galbam accurrunt 4 
atque tunam esse spem salitis 
docent, si Gruptidne facta extré- 
mum auxilium experirentur. Ita- 
que convocatis centuridnibus ce- 

2oleriter milités certidrés facit paulisper intermitterent ° 
proelium ac tantummodo téla missa exciperent séque ex 
labore reficerent, post datd signd ex castris Eérumperent 
atque omnem spem salitis in virtiite ponerent. 





ae 


—| 





Se = 





a 


Centurion 





languidus, -a, -um, /s¢/ess. Nervicus, -a, -um, of the Nervit. 
scind6, -ere, scidi, scissum, sf/#, tantummodo, ov/ly. 
cut down. Cf. rescindd. reficid ; cf. facid. 
pilus, -i, m., with primus, of the Grumpd, -ere, -rupi, -ruptum, 
Jirst rank (in a legion). burst forth. 
1. had been (and was still 4. rushed up. 
being) fought. 5. This, together with the four 
2. languididribus nostris: abl. following subjunctives, repre- 
abs. of cause. sents imperative of direct dis- 


3- Subject of cénfectum (esse). course. 


14 


Io 


t5 


SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


The Gauls are completely routed. Galba goes into winter quarters, 


6. Quod iussi* sunt faciunt, ac subito omnibus portis 
€ruptione facta neque cOgndscendi quid fieret neque sui? 
colligendi hostibus facultatem relinquunt. Ita com- 
mutata * fortiina eds qui in spem potiundorum castrérum 
vénerant undique circumventos intercipiunt,* et ex ho- 
minum milibus ®* amplius xxx, quem numerum barbardrum 
ad castra vénisse coOnstabat, pliis tertia parte interfecta 
reliquos perterritos in fugam coniciunt ac né in locis 
quidem superioribus cOdnsistere patiuntur. Sic omnibus 
hostium copiis fiisis armisque® exttis sé in castra miini- 
tidnésque suas recipiunt. Quod proelid factd, quod 
saepius fortinam temptare Galba ndlébat atque alid’ sé 
in hiberna cOnsilid vénisse meminerat, aliis’ occurrisse 
rébus * vidébat, maximé friimenti commeatisque inopia 
permotus, postero dié, omnibus eius vici aedificiis in- 
cénsis, in provinciam reverti contendit ac nullo hoste 
prohibente aut iter démorante incolumem legidnem 
in Nantuatés, inde in Allobrogés perdiixit ibique hie- 
mavit. 3 


colligo, -ere, -légi, -léctum, co/- 
lect. 

const0, -stare, -stiti, -statum, 
stand together, stand firm. 
Here impersonal, z¢ was agreed, 
zt was ascertained. 

fundd, -ere, fidi, fisum, Jour, 
throw, rout. 


exud, exuere, exui, exiitum, draw 
off, des port. 

memini, meminisse, defective, the 
perfect, pluperf., and future perf. 
having the meanings of the pres., 
imperf., and future respectively, 
remember. 

démoror, 1; cf. moror. 





1. iussi sunt: sc. facere, of 
which quod is object. 

2. sui colligendi: of collecting 
themselves, i.e. of rallying. 

3. changed. 

4. cut off; cf. intercept. 


5. exmilibus: modifies tertia 
parte. 

6. Abl. of separation with 
exiitis which agrees with copiis. 

7. one, other. 

8. conditions. 


CAESAR, GALLIC WAR, BOOK III 15 


RESUME OF CHAPTERS 7-16 


In northwestern Gaul, a revolt breaks out which is led by the 
Veneti, a seafaring tribe. To meet them, Caesar orders a fleet built, 
and places Brutus in command, while other staff officers are sent to 
engage the attention of certain other revolting tribes. ‘Because of 
the peculiar situation of their towns, the Veneti for a time prolong 
the revolt. But when Caesar’s new fleet arrives, the enemy is out- 
maneuvered and utterly defeated. 


Sabinus goes north against the Venelli, encamps and refuses battle. 


17. Dum haec in Venetis geruntur, Q. Tititirius 
Sabinus cum iis coOpiis quas 4 Caesare accéperat in finés 
Venelldérum pervénit. His praeerat Viridovix ac sum- 
mam imperil tenébat edrum omnium civitatum quae 
défécerant, ex quibus exercitum magnasque copias 
coégerat; atque his paucis diébus! Aulerci Eburovicés 
Lexoviique senati suo interfecto, quod auctorés belli 
esse nolébant, portas clausérunt * séque cum Viridovice 
conilinxérunt; magnaque praeterea multitudd undique 
10 ex Gallia perditorum hominum latrOnumque convénerat ; 
alids spés praedandi studiumque bellandi ab agriculttra 
et cotidiand labore sévocabat. Sabinus id6ned omnibus 
rébus locd castris* sésé tenébat, cum‘ Viridovix contra 
eum dudrum milium spatid cdnsédisset cotidiéque pro- © 
Isductis cOpiis pugnandi potestatem faceret, ut iam non 
solum hostibus*® in contemptidnem Sabinus veniret, sed 


auctor, auctoris, m., Jromoter; agricultiira, -ae, f.; cf. ager + 





here, responsible for. cold, cultzvate. 
perdo, -ere, -didi, -ditum, g7ve sévocd, I, call aside. 
over, ruin. As an adj. here. contemptid, contemptiinis, f.; cf. 
latro, latronis, m., robber, thief, Eng. contempt. 
brigand. 
a. Abl. of time within which. 4. Concessive. 
2. closed. 5. Dative of reference: trans., 


3. Abl. of means. in the eyes of the enemy. 


16 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


etiam nostrorum militum vodcibus ndnnihil carperétur ; 
tantamque opinidnem * timGris praebuit ut iam ad vallum 
castro6rum hostés accédere audérent. Id ea dé causa 
faciébat, quod cum tanta multitiidine? hostium, prae- 

5 sertim ed absente qui summam imperii tenéret, nisi 
aequo loco aut opportiinitate aliqua data légato dimican- 
dum non existimabat. 


Sabinus by stratagem induces the enemy to attack. 

18. Hac confirmata opinione timdris iddneum quen- 
dam hominem et callidum délégit, Gallum,? ex iis * qués 
10 auxilii causd sécum habébat. Huic magnis praemiis 
pollicitatisnibusque persuadet uti ad hostés transeat, et 
quid fieri velit édocet. Quiubi pro perfuga’® ad eds vénit, 
timo6rem ROmanorum prdpdnit, quibus angustiis ipse 
Caesar 4 Venetis prematur docet® neque’ longius 
1sabesse quin proxima nocte Sabinus clam ex castris 
exercitum édiicat et ad Caesarem auxilii ferendi causa 
proficiscatur. Quod ubi auditum est, conclamant omnés 
occdsidnem negotii bene gerendi amittendam non esse, 


polliceor. 
édoced ; cf. doced. 


carpo, -ere, carpsi, carptum, ce7- 
SUre. 


opportinitas, opportinitatis, f., 
favorable chance. 

callidus, -a, -um, shrewd, clever, 
crafty. 


clam, secretly. 

occasid, occasidnis, f., chance, op- 
portunity. 

bene, melius, optimé, adv.; cf. 
bonus. 





I. zmepression, 

2. cum... multitidine: mod- 
ifies dimicandum. 

3. a Gaul. 

4. (one) of those. 

5. pro perfuga: as though a 
deserter. 


6. docet has as objects quibus 
. . » prematur and neque longius 
abesse, etc. 

7. neque... . quin: lit. and 
it was not farther away but that. 
abesse has for subject quin .. . 
proficiscatur. 


CAESAR, GALLIC WAR, BOOK III 17 


ad castra iri oportére. Multae rés* ad hoc consilium 
Gallés hortabantur: superidrum diérum Sabini cuncta- 
tid, perfugae confirmatio, inopia cibaridrum,’ cui rei 
parum diligenter ab iis erat provisum, spés Venetici 

5 belli, et quod feré libenter hominés id quod volunt 
crédunt. His rébus adducti non* prius Viridovicem 
reliquésque ducés ex concilio dimittunt quam ab iis sit 
concessum arma uti capiant et ad castra contendant. 
Qua ré concessa laeti, ut* explorata victoria, sarmentis 

1ovirgultisque colléctis quibus fossas ROomanorum com- 
pleant,® ad castra pergunt. 


Sabinus gains a complete victory. 


19. Locus erat castrdrum éditus et paulatim ab imo 
acclivis® circiter’ passiis* mille. Htic magno.cursu 
contendérunt, ut quam minimum spatii ad sé colligendds 

15armanddsque RoOmanis darétur, exanimatique pervéne- 
runt. Sabinus suds hortatus cupientibus® signum dat. 
Impeditis hostibus propter ea, quae ferébant, onera, 
subits duabus portis éruptidnem fierf iubet. Factum 
est © opportiinitate loci, hostium inscientia ac défatiga- 


cunctatis, cunctationis, f., de- 
lay. 


sarmentum, -i, n., ‘wg. 
virgulta, -drum, n., drambles. 


confirmati6, cinfirmatisnis, f. ; cf. 
confirms. 
parum, minus, minimé, /00 /itt/e, 


pergo, -ere, perréxi, perréctum, 
keep straight, proceed. 
inscientia, -ae, f.; cf. scid. 





not sufficiently ; cf. parvus. défatigatid, défatigatidnis, f., 
laetus, -a, -um, glad. WEAYINESS . 
1. Explained by the four fol- 6. sloping upward. 
lowing noms. and quod... 7. Adv. 
crédunt. 8. Acc. of extent with acclivis. 


2. food supplies. 
3. nOn prius... quam: zo 
sooner... than. 
4. as though. 
5. Subjunctive of purpose. 
SECOND YEAR LATIN— 2 


9. Sc. eis as indir. obj. of dat. 
10. factum est = 2 turned out. 
opportinitate = favorable char- 
acter. This and the following 
abls. denote cause. 


18 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


tidne, virtite militum et superidrum pugnarum exercita- 
tidne, ut né inum quidem nostrd6rum impetum ferrent ac?! 
statim terga verterent. Quds integris viribus milités 
nostri cOnseciti magnum numerum eodrum occidérunt ; 

5 reliquds equités ? cOnsectati paucods * qui ex fuga évaserant 
reliquérunt. Sic und tempore et dé navali pugna 
Sabinus et dé Sabini victoria Caesar certior factus est, 
civitatésque omnés sé statim Titurio dédidérunt. Nam 
ut ad bella suscipienda Gall6rum alacer ac promptus est 

10 animus,‘ sic mollis ac minimé resisténs® ad calamitatés 
perferendas méns* edrum est. 


RESUME OF CHAPTERS 20-22 


Crassus, realizing that he must meet a foe who has in former en- 
gagements vanquished Roman armies, takes unusual precautions. 
The Sotiates in Aquitania make an unsuccessful attack on the Romans 
and later, after entrapping Crassus in an ambush, are again routed 
and their town is seized. Their chief, Adiatunnus, attempts to es- 
cape with his six hundred faithful followers, but fails. 


Crassus urges the enemy to fight. 


23. Armis obsidibusque acceptis Crassus in finés Vo- 
catium et Tarusatium profectus est. Tum véro barbari 
comm6oti, quod oppidum’” et natiira loci et manu muni- 


cOnsector, I, the frequentative ndavdlis,-e; cf. navis. 





form of cOnsequor. alacer, -cris, -cre, eager. 
€évad0, -ere, -vasl, -vasum, go prodmptus, -a, -um, 7¢ady. 
forth, escape. mollis, -e, weak. 
1. dut. 5. sturdy. 
2. Nominative. 6. purpose. 
3. Obj. of reliquérunt. 7. Subject of expugnatum 
4. spirit. (esse). 


CAESAR, GALLIC WAR, BOOK III 19 


tum* paucis diébus ? quibus ed ventum erat expugnatum 
cOgn6verant, légat6s qudqueversus dimittere, conitrare, 
obsidés inter sé dare, cOpias parare coepérunt. Mittun- 
tur etiam ad eas civitatés légati quae sunt citeridris Hi- 
5 spaniae* finitimae* Aquitaniae; inde auxilia ducésque 
arcessuntur. Quorum adventi®> magna cum auctoritate ° 
et magna cum hominum multitidine bellum gerere co- 
nantur. Ducés véro ii déliguntur qui ina cum Q. Ser- 
torid omnés annos fuerant summamque scientiam rei 
io militaris habére existimabantur. Hi cOnsuétiidine po- 
puli Romani loca capere,’ castra miinire, commeatibus 
nostros intercliidere instituunt. Quod * ubi Crassus ani- 
madvertit ® suas coOpias propter exiguitatem ” n6n facile 
diduci, hostem et vagari et vias obsidére et ™ castris satis 
15 praesidii relinquere, et ob eam causam minus commodé 
frimentum commeatumque sibi supportari,” in diés ® ho- 
stium numerum augéri, non cunctandum existimavit quin 
pugna décertaret. Hac ré ad consilium délata, ubi om- 
nés idem sentire intelléxit, posterum diem pugnae 
20 constituit. 


quoqueversus, 7” every direction ; 
cf. quéque + vertd. 
didiico; cf. diico. 


obsided, -sédi, 
bestege. 


cunctor, I, delay. 


-ére, -sessum, 





1. Here an adj. 

2. diébus and quibus: each 
an abl. of time within which, 
within a few days after they 
had arrived there. 

3- Predicate gen. of posses- 
sion. 

4. Agrees with quae 
governs the dat. Aquitaniae. 

5. Abl. of cause. 


and 


6. assurance. 

7. Here, select. 

8. and so. 

9. Introduces the six follow- 
ing infinitives. 

10. small number. 

11. and still. 

12. Cf. porto. 

13. in diés: day by day. 

14. Dative. 


20 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


The enemy refuses battle and Crassus attacks them. 

24. Prima luce productis omnibus cGpiis, duplici acié 
institita, auxiliis in mediam aciem coniectis, quid hostés 
consilli caperent exspectabat. Illi, etsi propter multiti- 
dinem et veterem belli gloriam paucitatemque nostro- 

5 rum sé tuto dimicatiirds existimabant, tamen titius 
esse’ arbitrabantur obsessis viis commeati intercliisd 
sine vulnere victoria potiri et, si propter inopiam rei 
friimentariae Romani sésé recipere coepissent, impeditds 
in agmine et sub sarcinis? infirmidrés anim6 adoriri cé-- 

‘ro gitabant.* Hoc cdnsilid probat6 ab ducibus, prdductis 
Romanorum copiis sésé castris tenébant. Hac ré per- 
specta Crassus, cum sua cunctatidne* atque opinione® 
timoris hostés® nostrds milités alacridrés ad pugnandum 
effécissent, atque omnium v6cés audirentur exspectari 

15 dititius non oportére’ quin ad castra irétur, cohortatus 
suds omnibus cupientibus ad hostium castra con- 
tendit. 


The enemy make a strong defense, but Crassus is informed that the rear of 
the camp is weak. 

25. Ibi cum® alii fossas complérent, alii multis télis 

coniectis défénsdrés vall6 minitibnibusque dépellerent, 

20 auxiliarésque, quibus ndn multum Crassus confidébat, 


tits, adv.; cf. titus. auxilidris, -e, an adj.. used here 
infirmus, -a, -um ; cf. firmus. as a noun, as often in the 
dépelld, -ere, dépuli, dépulsum; = plural; cf. auxilium. 

cf. pellé. 





1. The subject is potiri. 6. Nominative. 

2. baggage. 7. Depends on the idea of 
3. planned. saying found in vocés. 

4. Cf. cunctor. 8. Introduces complérent, dé- 
5. appearance. pellerent, and praebérent. 


CAESAR, GALLIC WAR, BOOK II 21 


ad pugnam lapidibus télisque subministrandis' et ad ag- 

_ gerem caespitibus comportandis speciem atque opinio- 
nem pugnantium praebérent, cum? item ab _ hostibus 
cOnstanter ac non timidé pugnarétur télaque ex locd 

5 superidre missa non frustra acciderent, equités circum- 
itis* hostium castris Crass6 reniintiavérunt non eadem 
esse diligentia ab* decumana® porta castra minita faci- 
lemque aditum habére. 


Crassus charges the camp and kitls three fourths of the enemy. 


26. Crassus equitum praefectds cohortatus ut mag- 
1onis praemiis pollicitatisnibusque suds excitarent, quid 
fieri vellet ostendit. Illi, ut erat imperatum, éductis lis 
cohortibus quae praesidid castris relictae intritae ab _la- 
bore erant et longidre itinere circumductis,® né ex ho- 
stium castris cOnspici possent, omnium oculis mentibusque 

15 ad pugnam intentis, celeriter ad eas quas diximus mini- 
tidnés pervénérunt atque his prorutis prius in hostium 
castris cOnstitérunt quam plané ab his vidéri’ aut quid 
rei gererétur coOgndsci posset. Tum vérd clamodre ab 
ea parte auditd nostri redintegratis * viribus, quod® plé& 
zorumque in spé victdriae accidere cOnsuévit, acrius im- 
pugnare coepérunt. Hostés undique circumventi dé- 


caespes, caespitis, m., sod. intendd, -ere, -tendi, tentum, 
circumed; cf. ed. direct toward. 
excitd, 1, arouse, spur on. prorus, -ere, -rui, -rutum, destroy, 
intritus, -a, -um, “zworn, un- break down. 

wearted. plané, clearly. 





rear. 
Modifies cohortibus. 
Sc. possent from posset. 
3. Abl. abs. with castris: Cf. integer. 
after riding around the camp. Refers to acrius impugnare 
4. from the side of. and is therefore neuter singular. 


‘. furnishing. 
2. Introduces pugnarétur and 
acciderent. 


eae ee 


22 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


_spératis omnibus rébus sé per’ miunitidnés déicere et 

fuga salitem petere contendérunt. Quds’ equitatus 
-apertissimis campis cOnsectatus ex milium L numero, — 
quae” ex Aquitania Cantabrisque convénisse constabat, 

5 vix quarta parte relicta multa* nocte sé in castra 
recépit. 


Nearly all Aquitania surrenders. 


27. Hac audita pugna maxima pars Aquitaniae sésé_ 
Crasso dédidit obsidésque ultr6 misit, quo in numero 
fuérunt Tarbelli, Bigerridnés, Ptianii, Vocatés, Tarusatés, 

10 Elusatés, Gatés, Ausci, Garumni, Sibusatés, Cocosatés ; 
paucae * ultimae natidnés anni tempore cOonfisae, quod 
hiems suberat,’ id facere negléxérunt. 


Caesar proceeds against the Morini and Menapii, but they retreat to the 
swamps. 


28. Eodem feré tempore Caesar, etsi prope exacta iam 
aestas erat, tamen, quod omni Gallia pacata Morini 
15 Menapiique supererant® qui in armis essent neque’ ad 
eum umquam légatds dé pace misissent, arbitratus id — 
bellum celeriter c6nfici posse, e6 exercitum dutxit; qui® 
longé alia ratione ac® reliqui Galli’ bellum gerere coe- 





campus, -i, m., Plain. exig0, -ere, -€g1, -actum, fish, 
hiems, hiemis, f., zzzfer. complete. 

I. over. 4. only a few. 

2. Refers to milium and is 5. was near at hand. 
subject of convénisse, which in 6. were left. 
turn is subject of cénstabat; 7. and... not. 
transl. which zt was understood 8. but they. 
had come, etc. 9. than. 


3. mult nocte: /ateat night. 10. Sc. gerébant as predicate. 


Pes. se 


ae a a he ame, 


CAESAR, GALLIC WAR, BOOK III 23 


pérunt. Nam quod intellegébant maximas natiOnés quae 
proelis contendissent pulsas superatasque esse, conti- 
nentésque silvas ac paliidés habébant, ed sé suaque omnia 
contulérunt. Ad quarum initium silvarum cum Caesar 
pervénisset castraque minire instituisset, neque hostis 
interim visus esset, dispersis in opere nostris, subit6 ex 
omnibus partibus silvae évolavérunt et in nostrds im- 
petum fécérunt. Nostri celeriter arma cépérunt edsque 
in silvas reppulérunt et compliribus interfectis longius’ 


1oimpeditidribus? locis seciiti paucds ex suis déperdi- 


dérunt.’ 


Caesar lays waste their country and then goes into winter quarters. 
20. Reliquis coed te diébus Caesar silvas caedere 


instituit et, né quis * inermibus°®  impriidentibusque militi- 
bus ab latere impetus fieri posset, omnem eam mAateriam 


15 quae erat caesa conversam ad hostem collocabat et pro 


vall6 ad utrumque latus exstruébat. Incrédibili celeri- 
tate magn6 spatisd paucis diébus cdnfectd, cum iam pecus 
atque extréma impedimenta 4 nostris tenérentur,® ipsi 
dénsidrés_ silvas peterent, eiusmodi sunt tempestatés 


20 cOnseciitae uti opus necessario intermitterétur et conti- 


nuatione imbrium diiitius sub pellibus milités continéri 


continéns, continentis, adj.; cf. materia, -ae, f., waterzal, timber. 
tened. pecus, pecoris, n., cattle, sheep. 


ae ee ee ee ee ne 


Evol, 1, rush forth. 


deinceps, adv., ove after another. 
caed6, -ere, cecidi, caesum, /e//, 


cut. 


impridéns, impridentis, wzwary. 


tempestas, tempestatis, f.; cf. 
Eng. tempest. 

continuatid, continuatiinis, f.; 
cf. Eng. continuation. 

imber, imbris, m., ~az7. 





too far. 

rather difficult. 
lost. 

Modifies impetus. 


PO DN 


5. inermibus .. . militibus: 
abl. abs. 
6. were on the bond of being 


sezzed, 


24 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


non possent. Itaque vastatis omnibus eorum agris, vicis 

aedificiisque incénsis Caesar exercitum redixit et in 

Aulercis, Lexoviis, reliquis item civitatibus, quae proximé 
bellum fécerant, in hibernis collocavit. 


LIBER QUARTUS 


RESUME OF CHAPTERS 1-19 


At this time practically all Gaul is under subjection to Rome. 
But Caesar realizes that the Germans menace the eastern border. 
Already two German tribes, the Usipetes and the Tencteri, who 
have been driven from their homes, have crossed the Rhine ‘into 
Gaul and conquered the Menapii. Caesar fears an alliance between 
Gauls and Germans, and determines to make war on the Germans. 
He tells the Usipetes and the Tencteri that there is no place for 
them in Gaul, but that they may settle in the territory of the Ubii 
just east of the Rhine. They delay their reply to this suggestion, 
and make a treacherous but successful attack on the Romans. 

Prominent Germans come to Caesar to apologize for the attack, 
but are thrown into chains. Caesar makes-a sudden attack upon 
the Germans, and slays nearly all of them. That the Germans east 
of the Rhine may be duly impressed, Caesar decides to cross the 
river. He builds a bridge in the extraordinarily short time of ten 
days, crosses, ravages the neighboring country, incor. and de- 
stroys the bridge. 


Caesar decides upon an expedition to Britain, but can get little information 
about the country. 

20. Exigua parte aestatis reliqua Caesar, etsi in his 
locis, quod omnis Gallia ad septentridnés vergit, matiirae 
sunt hiemés, tamen in Britanniam proficisci contendit, 
quod omnibus feré Gallicis. bellis' hostibus? nostris inde 
subministrata auxilia intellegébat et, si tempus ad bellum 
gerendum déficeret, tamen magn6 sibi tisui fore arbitra- 
batur, si modo insulam adisset, genus hominum perspé- 


exiguus, -a, -um, sva//. insula, -ae, f., zsland. 





1. Abl. of time when. 2. Indir. obj. of subministrata. 
25 


26 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


xisset, loca, portiis, aditiis cOgnovisset; quae omnia feré 
Gallis erant incognita. Neque enim temeré! praeter 
mercatorés illd adit quisquam, neque his? ipsis quicquam 
praeter Oram * maritimam atque eas regiOnés quae sunt 
5 contra Galliam notum est. Itaque vocatis* ad sé undi- 
que mercatoribus neque® quanta esset insulae magnitido, 
neque quae aut quantae nationés incolerent, neque quem 
usum belli habérent aut quibus instititis iterentur, ne- 
que qui® essent ad maidrem’ navium multitiidinem idénei 
ro portus, reperire poterat. 


To gather information Caesar sends Volusenus, who proves unequal to the 
task. 

21. Ad haec cdgnéscenda, priusquam periculum fa- 
ceret, idGneum esse arbitratus C. Volusénum cum navi 
longa praemittit. Huic mandat ut exploratis omnibus 
rébus ad sé quam primum revertatur. | Ipse cum omni- 

15 bus copiis in Morin6ds proficiscitur, quod inde erat bre- 
vissimus in Britanniam traiectus. Htc navés* undique 
ex finitimis regidnibus et quam” superidre aestate ad 
Veneticum bellum fécerat classem iubet convenire. In- 
terim, consilid eius cOgnitd et per mercatorés perlato ad 

zo Britannos, a compliiribus insulae civitatibus ad eum lé- 


nodsco, -ere, novi, ndtum, /earn ; in 
perf. tenses, Azow. 


portus, -iis, m., Zarbor. 
incdgnitus, -a, -um, adj.; cf. cog- 


nosco. 
illd, 20 that place. 


traiectus, -iis, m., Jassage. 
Classis, classis, ‘i fleet. 





1. readily. 

2. Dative with ndtum est, 
refers to the traders. 

3. coast. 

4. vocatis ... mercatoribus: 
abl. abs. denoting concéssion. 

5. neque quanta: introduce a 


series of indir. questions which 
are the objects of reperire. 

6. Agrees with portiis. 

7. vather large. 

8. navés, classem : 
convenire. 

9. Its antecedent is classem. 


subjects of ° 


CAESAR, GALLIC WAR, BOOK IV 27 


gati veniunt qui polliceantur obsidés dare atque imperi6 
populi Romani obtemperare. Quibus auditis liberaliter 
pollicitus hortatusque ut in ea sententia permanérent! 
eds domum remittit et cum iis ina Commium,” quem ipse 
5 Atrebatibus superatis régem ibi cdnstituerat, cuius et 

















Navis Longa. 


virtutem et consilium probabat et quem sibi fidélem esse 
arbitrabatur, cuiusque auctoritas in his regidnibus magni® 
habébatur, mittit. Huic imperat quas possit adeat? civi- 
tatés, hortéturque* ut populi Romani fidem sequantur, 

ro S€que celeriter eO ventirum nuntiet.* Volusénus_per- 
- spectis regiOnibus, quantum® ei facultatis, dari potuit qui 





obtemperd, 1, obey. fidélis, -e; cf. fidés. 
I. Cf. maned. command after imperat. | 
2. Object of mittit. 5. quantum . . . qui: lit. 
3. Genitive of value. how much of opportunity could 
4 


- Subjunctives expressing de given to him who. 


28 


SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


navi égredi ac sé barbaris committere non audéret, quintd 


-dié ad Caesarem revertitur quaeque ibi perspéxisset 


Io 


15 


reniuntiat. | 
RESUME OF CHAPTERS 22-31 

Caesar prepares a fleet, crosses with part of his army to Britain, 
and after a sharp encounter with the natives effects a landing. The 
Britons retreat, but Caesar from lack of cavalry cannot pursue them. 
A few tribes submit, but Caesar determines to await his cavalry be- 
fore he advances farther. The transports in which his cavalry sail 
are driven back by a storm, and the fleet is nearly wrecked. The 
Britons, seeing their chance, plan to rebel. Caesar, however, real- 


izes what their intentions are, repairs his fleet, and makes ready for 
emergencies. 


One Roman legion, separated from the others, is attacked by the Britons. 


32. Dum ea geruntur, legidne ex cénsuétiidine tina 
frimentatum! missa, quae appellabatur septima, neque 
ulla ad id tempus belli suspiciOne interposita, cum pars 
hominum? in agris remané€ret, pars etiam in castra venti- 
taret, ii qui pro portis castrorum in statiOne erant Caesari 
nuntiavérunt pulverem maidrem quam®* consuétid6 ferret 
in ea parte vidéri quam in partem legio iter fé€cisset. 
Caesar id* quod erat suspicatus, aliquid novi 4 barbaris 
initum cOnsilii, cohortés ® quae in statidne erant sécum in 
eam partem proficisci, ex reliquis duas in statiOnem suc- 
cédere, reliquas armari® et cénfestim sésé subsequi iussit. 
Cum paulé longius 4 castris prdcessisset, suds ab hosti- 


friimentor, 1, forage. pulvis, pulveris, m., dust. 
ventité, 1, frequentative of venid.. confestim, Zastzly. 





1. Supine showing the pur- 4. Explained by aliquid .. . 
pose of missa. cOnsilii. id quod erat: the 

2. 7.¢. the Britons. | fact. 

3. quam consuétidd ferret: 5. Subject of proficisci. 


lit. than custom raised. 6. to arm themselves. 


CAESAR, GALLIC WAR, BOOK IV 29 


bus premi atque aegré sustinére et conferta legione ex 
omnibus partibus téla conici animadvertit. Nam quod, 
omni ex reliquis partibus démesso friimentd, pars tna’ 
erat reliqua, suspicati hostés hiic nostrds esse ventir6s 

5 nocti in silvis délituerant; tum dispersds’ dépositis 
armis in metendd occupatds subitd adorti paucis inter- 
fectis reliquos incertis* ordinibus perturbaverant, simul 
equitatii atque essedis circumdederant. 


RESUME OF CHAPTERS 33-35 


The Romans are thrown into confusion by the war chariots of 
the Britons, but Caesar frees the legion from its dangerous position. 
The enemy collect in large numbers, attack the Romans, and are 
defeated. 


Caesar returns to Gaul. 


36. Eoddem dié légati ab hostibus missi ad Caesarem 

19 dé pace vénérunt. His‘*Caesar numerum obsidum quem 
ante imperaverat duplicavit edsque in continentem ad- 
diici iussit, quod propinqua ° dié aequinoctii infirmis navi- 
bus hiemi navigatidnem subiciendam non existimabat. 
Ipse iddneam tempestatem nactus pauld post mediam 
1snoctem navés solvit ; quae omnés incolumés ad conti- 
nentem pervénérunt; sed ex iis onerariae duae edsdem 


démeté, -ere, -messui, -messum, 
reap. 

délitésco, -ere, -litui, 

meto; cf. démetd. 

incertus, -a, -um; cf. certus. 

essedum, -i, n., charzot. 

duplicé, 1, doudle. 





, Aide. 


aequinoctium, -i, n., the equinox ; 
cf. aequus + nox. 

navigatio, navigationis, f., sazlzng. 

solvd, -ere, solvi, solitum, /o0s¢n; 
with navés, weigh anchor. 

onerarius, -a, -um (with navés), 
transports ; cf. Eng. freighters. 





1. only one. 

2. Agrees with nostros. 

3- incertis 6rdinibus: abl. abs. 
of cause. 


4. Dative of reference. 

5. propinqua dié and infirmis 
navibus: abls. abs. of cause, 
modifying subiciendam. 


SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


portiis, qués reliquae, capere non potuérunt et paulo 


infra délatae sunt. 


The Morini attack part of the Romans as they return to Gaul. - 


37. Quibus ex navibus cum essent expositi milités cir- 
citer trecenti atque in castra contenderent, Morini, quos 
Caesar in Britanniam proficiscéns pacatos reliquerat, spé 
praedae adducti primo‘ non ita magno sudrum numero 
circumstetérunt ac, si sésé interfici ndllent, arma pdnere: 


iussérunt. 


Cum illi orbe fact6 sésé défenderent, celeriter 


ad? clamorem hominum? circiter milia sex convénérunt. 
1oQua ré nintiata Caesar omnem ex castris equitatum 


suis auxiliO misit. 


Interim nostri milités impetum ho- 


stium sustinuérunt atque amplius horis quattuor fortissimé 
pugnavérunt et paucis vulneribus acceptis complirés ex 


eis occidérunt. 


Postea* vérd quam equitatus noster in 


15 COnspectum vénit, hostés abiectis armis terga vertérunt 
magnusque eorum numerus est occisus. 


Labienus conquers the Morini, and the army goes into winter quarters. 


38. Caesar postero dié T. Labiénum légatum cum iis 
legidnibus quas ex Britannia rediixerat in Morin6s, qui 


rebellionem fécerant, misit. 


Qui cum propter siccitatés 


20 palidum qu6* sé reciperent non habérent, quo perfugio 


infra, adv., delow. 

expond; cf. pond; in pass., ds- 
embark. | 

trecenti, -ae, -a; cf. trés + cen- 
tum. 

praeda, -ae, f., dooty. 

Orbis, orbis, m., czrcle. 


abicio, -ere, -iéci, -iectum; cf. 


- jacio. 


rebellid, rebellidnis, f.; cf. re + 
bell6. 
siccitas, siccitatis, f., drought, 
drying out. 

perfugium, -i, n., ~efuge, retreat. 





1. Adverb. 


2. adclamorem: at their shout. - 


3. Modifies milia, 


4. posted ... quam: after. 
5. quo... habérent: lit. Aad 
not where they might retreat. 


CAESAR, GALLIC WAR, BOOK IV 31 


superiore anno erant Uusi, omnés feré in potestatem 
Labiéni vénérunt. At Q. Titirius et L. Cotta légati, 
qui in Menapidrum’ finés legidnés diixerant, omnibus 
edrum agris vastatis, frimentis succisis, aedificiis in- 
5 cénsis, quod Menapii sé omnés in dénsissimas silvas 
abdiderant, sé ad Caesarem recépérunt. Caesar in 
Belgis omnium legidnum hiberna cGnstituit. Ed duae 
omnino civitatés ex Britannia obsidés misérunt, reliquae 
negléxérunt. His rébus gestis ex litteris Caesaris 
10 diérum vigintisupplicatid 4 senati décréta est 


succidd, -ere, -cidi, -cisum, cut down. 





LIBER QUINTUS 


RESUME OF CHAPTERS 1-5 


Caesar realizes on his return to Gaul that, for a successful invasion 
of Britain, he needs a large army and fleet. He gives instructions 
that they be made ready, and goes himself to quiet a threatened dis- 
turbance among the Treveri. Upon his return a fleet of 800 ships” 
and five legions with 2000 cavalry are found ready. 


Treachery of Dumnorix. 


6. Erat ina cum céteris' Dumnorix Haeduus, dé 

- quo ante*a nobis dictum est. Hunc sécum habére in 
primis constituerat, quod eum cupidum rérum novarum, 
cupidum imperii, magni animi, magnae inter Gallds 
5 auctoritatis cogndverat. Accédébat hiic quod in concilid 
Haeduorum Dumnorix dixerat sibi 4 Caesare régnum 
civitatis déferri; quod dictum Haedui graviter ferébant, 
neque* reciisandi aut déprecandi* causa légatos ad 
Caesarem mittere audébant. Id factum ex suis hospiti- 
10 bus® Caesar cognoverat. Ille* omnibus primd precibus 
petere contendit ut in Gallia relinquerétur, partim quod 
insuétus navigandi mare timéret, partim quod religi6ni- 
bus impediri sésé diceret. Posteaquam id obstinaté sibi- 


insuétus, -a, -um, wzaccustomed,  religid, religidnis, f., religion, 





unused. scruples. 
navigo, 1, saz/. obstinaté, firmly, stubbornly, 
mare, maris, n., sea. resolutely. 
1. the others. 4. of begging off. 
2. In Bk. I, 18-20. , 5. z.¢. friends of Dumnorix. 
3. and yet. 6. z.e. Dumnorix. 


CAESAR, GALLIC WAR, BOOK V 33 


negari vidit, omni spé impetrandi adémpta principés 
Galliae sollicitare,t sévocadre singul6os hortarique coepit ut 
in continenti remanérent; metii territare:? N6n sine causa 
fieri® ut Gallia omni nobilitate spoliarétur; id esse c6n- 
5 silium Caesaris, ut quds in cOnspectii Galliae interficere 
verérétur, hos: omnés in Britanniam traductds necaret: 
fidem reliquis interponere,‘ itis iirandum poscere ut quod ® 
esse ex® ust Galliae intelléxissent commini cdnsilid 
administrarent. Haec 4 compliribus ad Caesarem 
10 déferébantur. 


Dumnorix deserts and ts slain, 


7. Qua ré codgnita Caesar, quod tantum’ civitati 
Haeduae dignitatis tribuebat, coércendum * atque déter- 
rendum quibuscumque rébus posset Dumnorigem statué- 
bat et, quod longius eius amentiam*® prodgredi vidébat, 

15 prospiciendum ” né quid™ sibi ac rei publicae nocére 
posset. Itaque diés circiter xxv in ed locd commoratus, 
quod Corus ventus navigationem impediébat, qui mag- 
nam partem omnis temporis in his locis flare consuévit, 


adimo, -ere, -€mi, -emptum, ve- __ spolid, 1, s¢r7p. 





move. noceo, 2, z7jure. 
metus, metiis, m., fear, anazety, commoror, 1; cf. moror. 
dread. ventus, -i, m., wind. 
territd, 1, alarm. | fld, blow. 

1. tamper with. | ‘ 6. ex ust: fo the advantage 

2. Historical inf. of. 

3. fieri, esse: infs. in indir. 7. tantum dignitatis tribué- 
disc. depending on the idea of bat: he paid so much respect. 
saying in territare. 8. control. 

4. interpOnere, poscere: his- 9. folly. 
torical infs. interponere: Aledge. 10. prospiciendum (esse): é 


5. quod . . . intelléxissent: must see to it; depends on statu- 
noun clause, the object of admi- bat. 
nistrarent. Ir. quid nocére: do any harm. 
SECOND YEAR LATIN— 3 


34 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


dabat operam ut in officio Dumnorigem continéret, 
nihilo* tamen sétius omnia éius consilia cOgnésceret ; 
tandem iddneam nactus tempestatem milités equitésque 
cénscendere navés iubet. At omnium animis impeditis 

5 Dumnorix cum equitibus Haedudrum 4 castris in- 
sciente? Caesare domum discédere coepit. Qua ré 
nuntiata Caesar intermissa profectidne atque omnibus 
rébus postpositis magnam partem equitatiis ad eum 
insequendum mittit retrahique* imperat; si vim faciat 

1o neque pareat,* interfici iubet, nihil hunc sé absente pro °® 
sano factirum arbitratus, qui® praesentis’ imperium 
negléxisset. Ille autem revocatus resistere ac sé manif 
défendere sudrumque fidem implorare coepit saepe 
clamitans liberum sé liberaeque esse civitatis. Illi, uterat 

15 imperatum, circumsistunt hominem atque interficiunt; at 
equités Haeduiad Caesarem omnés revertuntur. 


RESUME OF CHAPTERS 8-11 


About the 20th of July B.c. 54 Caesar sets sail, and arrives in 
Britain on the next day. The Britons offer no objections to his 
landing, but, upon the Romans’ advance inland, resistance is made, 
which proves unsuccessful. Caesar is compelled ‘to return to his 
fleet because of news that his ships have been wrecked by a storm. 
While he is making repairs, the Britons unite against him. 


coOnscend6, -ere, -scendi, -scénsum, _retrahd; cf. traho. 





climb up, embark. sanus, -a, -um, sevszble. 
postpon6 ; cf. pond.  y»  — Clamitd, 1, shout out. 
1. nihil6 tamen sétius: 4ut 4. obey. 
nevertheless. 5. prosand: as a sensible per- 
2. Cf. scid. SON. 
3. The infinitive with impero 6. since he. 


is rare. 7. Sc. ipsius (Caesaris). 


a ee ee 





CAESAR, GALLIC WAR, BOOK V 35 


Caesar’s description of Britain and tts inhabitants, which, however, contains 

Many Inaccuracteés. 

12. Britanniae pars interior ab iis incolitur qués’ natOos 
in insula ipsa memoria proditum?” dicunt, maritima pars * 
ab iis qui praedae ac belli inferendi causa ex Belgio 
transiérunt (qui omnés feré isdem nominibus civitatum 
appellantur quibus orti ex civitatibus ed pervénérunt) et 


- belld illatd ibi remansérunt atque agrods colere coepérunt. 





Silver denarius, struck 38-36 B.C., enlarged to twice the original size. Ob- 
verse: head of Caesar. Reverse: standard, eagle, plow, scepter. 


Hominum est infinita multitidd créberrimaque aedificia 
feré Gallicis cénsimilia, pecoris magnus numerus. Utun- 
tur aut nummo aured aut taleis ferreis ad certum pon- 


1odus examinatis pro nummo. Niascitur ibi plumbum * 


cold, -ere, colui, cultum, /z//, cu/- - talea, -ae, f., dar. 


tivate. ferreus, -a, -um, 77072. 
infinitus, -a, -um; cf. finis. examin6, I, weigh. 
nummus, -i, m., 707¢y, coin. plumbun,, -i, n., /ead. 


aureus, -a, -um, gold. 





I. quds nat0s (esse): subject 2. handed down. 
of préditum (esse): transl., 3. Sc. incolitur. 
whose origin on the tsland ttself ts 4. plumbum album: wi#zite 


handed down, they say, by tradi- lead, here tin. 


tion, 


36 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


album in mediterraneis regidnibus, in maritimis ferrum, 
sed eius exigua’ est cOpia; aere Utuntur importata. 
Materia cuiusque generis ut in Gallia est praeter fagum 
atque abietem. Leporem et gallinam et anserem gu- 
5 stare fas? ndn putant; haec tamen alunt®* animi volupta- 
tisque* causa. Loca sunt temperatidra quam in Gallia 
remissioribus frigoribus.° 
13. Insula natira triquetra, cuius inum latus est con- 
tra Galliam. Huius lateris alter® angulus, qui est ad 
10oCantium, quo feré omnés ex Gallia navés appelluntur, 
ad orientem sdlem, inferior’ad meridiem® spectat. Hoc 
latus pertinet circiter milia passuum quingenta. Al- 
terum® vergit ad Hispaniam atque occidentem sdlem ; 
qua ex parte est Hibernia insula, dimidid minor, ut 
15existimatur, quam Britannia, sed pari spatiO trans- 
missiis atque” ex Gallia est in Britanniam. In hdc 
medio cursii est insula, quae appellatur Mona; com- 
plirés praeterea minGrés obiectae “ insulae existimantur ; 
dé quibus insulis nonnilli scripsérunt ” diés continuds 





albus, -a, -um, w/zte. remissus, -a, -um, oderate. 
mediterraneus, -a, -um; cf.  triquetrus, -a, -um, ¢7zangular. 
medius + terra. angulus, -i, m., age. 

aes, aeris, 0., copper. appells, “ere, pull, -pulsum ; cf. 
fagus, -1, f., beech tree. pelld. 
abiés, abietis, f., iv tree. occidéns, occidentis, falling, set- 
lepus, leporis, m., a hare. ting. 
gallina, -ae, f., a hen. dimidius, -a, -um, ad¢vided in the 
anser, anseris, M., @ goose. middle; cf. di+ medius. Here 
gusto, I, Zasze. a subst., alf. 
temperatus, -a, -um, 72/d. transmissus, -tis, m.; cf. mitt6. 

1. limited. 7. Correlative with alter. 

2. right. 3 8. south. 

3. raise. 9. the second (side). 

4. pleasure. 10. @s. 

5. the cold. | 11. Sc. esse. | 

6. the one. 12. have written. 


CAESAR, GALLIC WAR, BOOK V 37 


xxx sub brimam esse noctem. N6s nihil dé ed percon- 
tationibus! reperiébamus, nisi certis ex aqua’ ménsiris 
brevidrés esse quam in continenti noctés vidébamus. 
Huius est longitiido* lateris, ut fert illsrum opinio, 

5 bcc milium. Tertium est contra septentridnés; cui 
parti nilla est obiecta terra, sed eius angulus alter 
maximé ad Germaniam spectat. Hoc milium passuum 
pecc in longitidinem esse existimatur. Ita omnis in- 
sula est in circuitii viciés centum milium passuum. 

10 14. Ex his omnibus longé sunt htimanissimi qui 
Cantium incolunt, quae regio est maritima omnis, ne- 


que multum 4a Gallica differunt cdnsuétidine. 


Interi- 


Orés plérique frimenta n6n serunt, sed lacte et carne 


vivunt pellibusque sunt vestiti._ 


Omnés véro sé Britanni 


15 vitro inficiunt, quod caeruleum efficit colorem, atque 
hdc horribilidrés sunt in pugna aspecti; capilloque * 
sunt promiss6 atque omni parte * corporis rasa praeter 


caput et labrum superius. 


brima, -ae, f., shortest day (for 
brevissima diés), szd¢winter. 

aqua, -ae, f., water. 

ménsira, -ae, f., WHGSUT Cs mleas- 
urement. 

viciés, adv., twenty times; cf. 
viginti. 

him4anus, -a, -um, refined, czvil- 
zzed. 

serd, -ere, sévi, satum, JA/ant, 
SOW. 

lac, lactis, n., z/h. 

caro, carnis, n., flesh. 

vivo, -ere, vixi, victum, “ve. 
vestid, 4, clothe. 


vitrum, -i, n., woad (a plant used 
in dyeing). 

infici6, -ere, -féci, -fectum, put on, 
stain. 

caeruleus, -a, -um, sky-/ike, 7.e. 
blue. 

color, coloris, m., color. 


- horribilis, -e, dreadful. 


aspectus, -tis, m., appearance. 
capillus, -i, m., Zazr. 

promitt6, -ere, -misi, -missum, /¢/ 
Lrow. 

rad6, -ere, rasi, rasum, save. 
labrum, -i, n., ZZ. 





I. 72nguiries. 
2. Here refers to the “ water- 
clock,” shaped like an hourglass. 


3. Cf. longus. 
4. Ablatives of description. 


38 


Io 


15 


20 


SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


RESUME OF CHAPTERS 15-23 


The Britons engage the Romans in several battles, but are defeated 
in each instance. Cassivellaunus changes his tactics from pitched 
battles to harassing the Romans, but, influenced by the desertion of 
many tribes, finally submits. 


Caesar quarters his army among various tribes for the winter. 


24. Subductis navibus concilidque Gall6rum Samaro- 
brivae peractod, quod e6 anno frumentum in Gallia prop- 
ter siccitatés angustius provénerat, coactus est aliter 
ac’ superidribus annis exercitum in hibernis collocare 
legidnésque in plirés civitatés distribuere. Ex quibus 
tinam in Morinds dicendam C. Fabio légato dedit, alte- 
ram in Nervids Q. Cicer6dni, tertiam in Esuvids L. Rés- 
cid quaestori; quartam in Rémis cum T. Labiéno in 
confinio Tréverdrum hiem§are iussit; trés in Belgio col- 
locavit; his M. Crassum quaestorem et L. Munatium Plan- 
cum et C. Trebonium légatés praefécit. Unam legidnem, 
quam proximé trans Padum conscripserat, et cohortés 
quinque in Eburonés, quérum pars maxima est inter 
Mosam ac Rhénum, qui sub imperiod Ambiorigis et 
Catuvolci erant, misit. His militibus Q. Titirium Sabi- 
num et L. Aurunculéium Cottam légatds praeesse iussit. 
Ad hunc modum distribitis legidnibus facillimé inopiae 
rei frumentariae sésé medéri posse existimavit. Atque 
harum tamen omnium legidnum hiberna, praeter eam’ 
quam L. Roscid in pacatissimam et quiétissimam partem 


perago. -ere, -€gi, -dctum, accom- cOnfinium, -i, n., ~ezghborhood, 


plish, finish, hold. locality. 
provenio; cf. venid. medeor, -éri, ——, with dative, 
distribu6, -ere, -tribui, -tribitum, remedy. : ; 

assign, distribute. quiétus, -a, -um, calm. 





1. than. 2. Sc. legidnem. 


eR ete ee PET NR eee 


CAESAR, GALLIC WAR, BOOK V 39 


diicendam dederat, milibus passuum centum continéban- 
tur. Ipse intered, quoad legidnés collocatas munitaque 
hiberna cogn6visset, in Gallia morari cdnstituit. 


An especial friend of Caesar is killed, 
25. Erat in Carnutibus summo loco natus Tasgetius, 
5 Cuius maiorés in sua civitate régnum obtinuerant. Huic 
_ Caesar pro eius virtiite atque in sé benevolentia, quod 
in omnibus bellis singulari eius opera fuerat iusus, 
maiorum locum restituerat. Tertium iam hunc annum 
régnantem inimici’ palam multis ? ex civitate auctoribus * 
1ointerfécérunt. Défertur ea rés ad Caesarem.  Ille 
veritus, quod* ad plurés pertinébat, né civitas edrum 
impulsi déficeret, L. Plancum cum legidne ex Belgid 
celeriter in Carnutés proficisci iubet ibique hiemare, 
quorumque® opera® coOgnéverit Tasgetium interfectum, 
15hds comprehénsos ad sé mittere. Interim ab omnibus 
légatis quaestoribusque quibus legidnés tradiderat certior 
factus est in hiberna perventum locumque hibernis‘ esse 
munitum. 
The Eburones attack the Roman camp. 
26. Diébus circiter xv quibus in hiberna ventum est, 
20initium repentini tumultiis* ac défectidnis® ortum est ab 
Ambiorige et Catuvolco, qui, cum” ad finés régni sui 





quoad, wmzz/. palam, openly. 
benevolentia, -ae, f.; cf. bene +  impulsus, -iis, m., zzstzgation. 
volo. comprehendo, -ere, -prehendi, 
régno, I, reign. -prehénsum, catch, arrest. 
1. Cf. amicus. 5. Has hos for its antecedent. 
2. multis ... auctoribus: abl. 6. Modifies interfectum. 
abs. 7. Dative. ms 
3. promoters. 8. uprising. 
4. quod . . . pertinébat: Jde- 9. revolt. 
cause many were involved. 10. Concessive. 


40 


Io 


t5 


20 


SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


Sabino Cottaeque praestd' fuissent frimentumque in 
hiberna comportavissent, Indutiomari Tréveri nintiis im- 
pulsi suds concitavérunt subitdque oppressis lignatdribus 
magna manu ad castra oppugnanda vénérunt. Cum 
celeriter nostri arma cépissent vallumque ascendissent 
atque, tina ex parte Hispanis equitibus émissis, equestri 
proelid superiorés fuissent, déspérata ré hostés suds ab 
oppugnatione reduxérunt. Tum su6 more conclamavé- 
runt uti aliqui? ex nostris ad colloquium prddiret: 
Habére sésé quae dé ré commini dicere vellent, quibus - 
rébus contr6versias minui posse spérarent. 


Ambiorix at a conference advises the Romans to withdraw. 


27. Mittitur ad eds colloquendi causa C. Arpinéius, 
eques Romanus, familiaris Q. Titiiri, et Q. Iltnius ex 
Hispania quidam, qui iam ante missii* Caesaris ad 
Ambiorigem ventitare cOnsuérat; apud* quos Ambiorix 
ad hunc modum locitus est: Sésé pro Caesaris in sé 
beneficiis plirimum ei°® confitéri® débére, quod eius opera 
stipendio liberatus esset quod Aduatucis, finitimis suis, 
pendere consuésset, quodque ei’ et filius et fratris filius 
a Caesare remissi essent, quds Aduatuci obsidum 
numero missOs apud sé in servitite et caténis tenuis- 


controversia, -ae, f., guarrel. 


praest6, adv., at hand, ready, in 
missus, -iis, m.; cf. mitto. 


readiness. 


concitd, I, arouse. 
lignator, lignatoris, m., wood- 
cutter. 


cOnfiteor, -éri, -fessus sum, cov- 


fess. 


liber6, 1, free. 





1. praestd fuissent: ‘hey had 
offered their services. 

2. Singular. 

3. missi Caesaris: 
Caesar. 


sent by 


4. apud quis: 2 their presence. 

5. Caesar. 

6. The main verb in indir. 
discourse. | 

7. Ambiorix. 


CAESAR, GALLIC WAR, BOOK V oD tae 


sent; neque id quod fécerit dé oppugnatiOne castrorum 
aut ilidicio aut voluntate sua fécisse, sed coactii civitatis ; 
Suaque esse eiusmodi imperia ut ndn minus habéret 
diris' in sé multitidd quam ipse in multitidinem. 
5 Civitati porrs hanc fuisse belli causam, quod repentinae 
Gall6rum coniuratiOni” resistere non potuerit. Id sé 
facile ex humilitate sua probare posse, quod non adeod 
sit imperitus* rerum ut suis cOpiis populum RO6manum 
superari posse’ confidat. Sed esse Galliae commune 
roconsilium ; omnibus hibernis Caesaris oppugnandis hunc 
esse dictum diem, né qua legid alteri legidni subsidid 
venire posset. Non facile Gallods Gallis negare‘* 
potuisse, praesertim cum dé recuperanda commini 
libertate consilium initum vidérétur. Quibus® quoniam 
15pro® pietate satisfécerit,” habére nunc sé ratidnem ® 
officii pro beneficiis Caesaris; monére, orare Titirium 
pro hospitid ut suae ac militum saliti cdnsulat. Mag- 
nam manum German6orum conductam*® Rhénum trans- 
isse; hanc affore” bidud. Ipsdrum esse consilium™ 
20 velintne, priusquam finitimi sentiant, éductds ex hibernis 
milités aut ad Cicerdnem aut ad Labiénum dédicere, 
quorum alter milia passuum circiter quinquaginta, alter 
paulo amplius ab iis absit. Illud sé pollicéri et itre 





coactus, -iis, m.; cf. cog6. aded, to such an extent. 
porro, furthermore. recupero, I, recover. 
humilités, humilitatis, f., weak- pietas, pietatis, f., Aatrzot7sm, 
neSS. loyalty. 
1. fower. 8. ratidnem officii: regard 
2. Cf. coniiiré. for his duty. 
3. Cf. peritus. | 9. hired. 
4. refuse. 10. would be here. 
5- Gauls. | 11. cOnsilium velintne: z¢ was 
6. as to. their business (to consider) 
7 


. appeased. whether they wished. 


42 


. 


SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


iurand6o confirmare, titum sé iter per suds finés datirum. 
Quod cum faciat, et civitati sésé consulere,! quod hiber- 
nis levétur, et Caesari pro eius meritis gratiam referre.' 
Hac oratione habita discédit Ambiorix. 


The members of the council disagree. 


28. Arpinéius et linius quae audierant ad légatds 
déferunt. Illi repentina ré perturbati, etsi ab hoste ea 


‘dicébantur, tamen non neglegenda existimabant, maxi- 


Io 


a5 


20 


méque hac ré permovébantur, quod civitatem igndobilem 
atque humilem Eburdnum sua sponte populd Romano 
bellum facere ausam vix erat crédendum.” Itaque ad 
consilium rem déferunt, magnaque inter eds* exsistit 
controversia.* L. Aurunculéius compliirésque tribuni- 
militum et primdrum O6rdinum centuridnés nihil temeré 
agendum neque ex hibernis iniussti ® Caesaris discéden- 
dum existimabant; quantasvis Ambiorigis magnas etiam 
copias Germanorum sustinéri posse minitis hibernis 
docébant ; rem® esse testim6ni6,’ quod primum hostium 
impetum multis ultrd vulneribus illatis fortissimé sustinu- 
erint; ré frimentaria ndn premi; interea et ex proximis 
hibernis et 4 Caesare conventiira subsidia; postrémo 
quid esse levius aut turpius ® quam auctore hoste dé sum- 
mis rébus capere consilium ? 


lev6, 1, Uighten, relieve. _ quantusvis, quantavis, quantum- 
ignObilis, -e ; cf. nOdbilis. _-vis; cf. quantus + vol. 
humilis, -e, obscure. postréms, fxally, lastly, in con- 
exsist6, -ere, -stiti, -stitum, a77se. clusion. 3 





. without the order. 
Refers to the quod clause. 


proof. . 
. more disgraceful. 


Progressive present. 
to be believed. 

z.é. the councilors. 
dispute, 


pyeye 
ey an 


CAESAR, GALLIC WAR, BOOK V a alae 


Titurius expresses his opinion. 


29. Contra ea Tittirius sér6 factiirds clamitabat,’ cum 
maidrés manus hostium adiiinctis? Germanis convénis 
sent, aut cum aliquid calamitatis in proximis hibernis 
esset acceptum. Brevem consulendi esse occasidnem. 

5 Caesarem sé arbitrari profectum in Italiam; neque aliter 
Carnutés interficiendi Tasgeti cdnsilium fuisse* cap- 








eS eS eee Fe ee ee ee ee a 


* 





Obsidio 


ee Re aN ee ee 


tirds, neque Eburodnés, si ille adesset, tanta contemptidne © 
nostri‘ ad castra venturds. Sésé°* non hostem auctorem, 
; sed rem spectare; subesse Rhénum; magno esse Ger- 
romanis dolori® Ariovisti mortem et superidrés nostras 


sér6, /ate, too late. 














; 1. shouted. | 5. sésé...spectare: /e was 
4 2. Cf. iungd. not considering the enemy as his 
; 3. fuisse captirds : would authority, but was looking at the 
have adopted. facts. 


4. Objective genitive. 6. a source of grief. 


44 


victorias ; 


Io 


tS 


SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS | 


ardére Galliam tot contuméliis acceptis sub 
populi Romani imperium redactam, superiore gléria rei 
militaris exstincta. Postrém6 quis hoc’ sibi? persuadéret, 
sine certa spé Ambiorigem ad eiusmodi cdnsilium 
déscendisse? Suam sententiam in* utramque partem 
esse titam: si nihil esset dirius, null6 cum pericul6é ad 
proximam legionem perventur6s; si Gallia omnis cum 
Germanis consentiret, inam esse in celeritate positam 
saliitem. Cottae quidem atque edrum qui dissentirent 
consilium quem habére‘ exitum? in qué si ndn praeséns 
_ periculum, at certe longinqua obsididne famés esset 
timenda. 
Sabinus disclaims responsibility. 

30. Hacin*’ utramque partem disputatione habita, cum 

a Cotta primisque Srdinibus Acriter resisterétur, ‘ Vincite,’® 


inquit,’ ‘si ita vultis,’ 


Sabinus, et id claridre voce, ut 
magna pars militum exaudiret; 
‘qui gravissimé ex® vodbis mortis pericul6d terréar ; 


‘neque is sum,’ inquit, 


hi® 


sapient; si gravius quid acciderit, abs té ratisnem repos- 


arded, -ére, 4rsi, arsum, Jur. 

tot, indecl. adj., so many. 

exstingu6, -ere, -stinxi, -stinctum, 
destroy. 

déscendd, -ere, -scendi, -scénsum, 
descend, resort. 

dissentid, -ire, -sénsi, -sénsum, 
disagree. 

exitus, -lis, m., outcome. 


obsidid, obsidisnis, f., szege. 

disputatid, disputatidnis, f ; cf. 
puto. 

clarus, -a, -um, clear, loud. 

vos, vestrum or vestri, plu. of ti, 
you. 

terred, 2; cf perterred. 

sapid, -ere, sapivi, ——, “#der- 
stand. 





1. of this. 

2. Refers to quis. 

3. in utramque partem: /or 
either contingency. 

4. Infinitive is used bécane 


the question here is equivalent. 


to a statement. 


5. in utramque partem: on” 
either side. 

6. have your own way. 

7. said. 

8. ex vobis: 
. with qui. 
9g. z.¢. milités. 


used for a partit. 


oe 


re a ge ee et 


CAESAR, GALLIC WAR, BOOK V 46 


cent, qui, si per té liceat, perendino dié cum proximis 

hibernis conitincti comminem cum reliquis belli casum 

sustineant,! non réiecti et relégati longé a céteris aut ferro? 
aut famé intereant.’ | 

Sabinus prevatis. 

5 31. Consurgitur ex consilid; comprehendunt?* utrum- 
que‘ et Grant né sua diss€nsioOne et pertinacia rem in 
summum periculum dédiicant: Facilem esse rem, seu 
maneant, seu proficiscantur, si modo unum omnés sen- 
tiant ac probent; contra in dissénsidne nillam sé sali- 

1otem perspicere. Rés disputatione ad mediam noctem 
perdicitur. Tandem dat® Cotta permdtus manus; 
superat sententia Sabini. Pronintiatur prima lice itu- 
ros. Consutmitur vigiliis reliqua pars noctis, cum sua 
quisque miles circumspiceret, quid sécum portare posset, 

15 quid ex instrimento hiberndrum relinquere cogerétur. 
Omnia excdgitantur quaré nec sine periculd maneatur 
et langudre militum et vigiliis periculum augedatur. 
Prima lice sic ex castris proficiscuntur ut® quibus esset 
persuasum non ab hoste, sed ab homine amicissim6 c6n- 

20silium datum, longissim6 agmine maximisque impedi- 
mentis. | 


reposco, -ere, ——, ——; cf. 
posco. 


‘perendinus, -a, -um, after {o- 


morrow. 

relég6, I, sed away. 

intered, -ire, -ii, -itum, Jerzsh. 

cOmsurg6, -ere, -surréxi, -surréc- 
tum, vise 77 a body. | 


dissénsid, dissénsidnis, f.; cf. 
sentio. 

pronintid, 1, declare. 

circumspicio; cf. perspici6. 

instrimentum, -i, n., fool, equip- 
ment. 

excogitd, 1, think out. 

languor, langu6ris, m., wearzness. 





1. sustineant (et) nOn inter- 
eant: would bear (and) would 
not perish. 

2. sword. | 

3. they grasped by the hand. 


4. Cotta and Sabinus. 

5- dat manis: yzelded. 

6. ut, etc.: as (men) who had 
been persuaded that the plan had 
been offered. 


46 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


Sabinus and Cotta are attacked. 


32. At hostés, posteaquam ex nocturno fremiti vigi- 
liisque dé profectione edrum sénsérunt, collocatis insidiis 
bipertito' in silvis opportiind atque occultd loc6d 4 milibus 
passuum circiter dudbus, Romanorum adventum exspec- 

5 tabant, et, cum sé” maior pars agminis in magnam con- 
vallem démisisset, ex utraque parte eius vallis subitd sé 
ostendérunt novissimOsque premere et primés prohibére 
ascénst atque iniquissimo nostris* loco ebsites con 
mittere coeperunt. 


The Romans are attacked by the Eburones. 


10 33. Tum démum Titirius, qui nihil ante prdvidisset, 

trepidare * et concursare * cohortésque disp6nere,* haec® 
tamen ipsa timidé atque ut® eum omnia 
déficere vidérentur; quod plérumque iis 
accidere consuévit qui in ipsd negotio 
consilium capere coguntur. At Cotta, 
qui cogitasset haec posse in itinere acci- 
dere, atque ob eam causam profectiOnis 
auctor non fuisset, nulla in ré communi 
saliti deerat ; et in appellandis cohortan- 
disque militibus imperatoris et in pugna 
militis officia praestabat. Cum propter 
longitidinem agminis non facile per sé 
omnia obire et quid qudque loco faci- 
endum esset prodvidére possent, iuss€runt pronuntiari ut 





Signa 








convallis, convallis, f., vad/ey. concurso, 1, frequentative of con- 
trepid6, 1, “2 about, become con- curro. 
fused. obe9d, -ire, -ii, -itum, perform. 

1. 2% two bodies. 4. Histaeieal infinitives. 

2. sé démisisset: ad gone. 6. Sc. féckk: 


3. Dative. 6. zu such away that. 


CAESAR, GALLIC WAR, BOOK V 47 


| impedimenta relinquerent atque in orbem cOnsisterent. 
Quod cénsilium etsi in eiusmodi casi: reprehendendum 
non est, tamen incommodé cecidit; nam et nostris militi- 
bus spem minuit et hostés ad pugnam alacriGrés effécit, 
5 quod non sine summo timore et déspératione id factum 
vidébatur. Praeterea accidit, quod fieri necesse erat, ut 
vulgo milités ab signis discéderent, quaeque! quisque 
edrum carissima habéret ab impedimentis petere atque ai- 
-ripere properaret et clamore et fléti? omnia complé- 
1o rentur. 


ee a ea ae eee ee ye 


at” ctl Sel 


Battle plan of Ambiorix. 


34. At barbaris consilium non défuit. Nam ducés 


s 

F edrum tota acié pronintiari iussérunt né quis ab loco dis- 
g ee ees J * = —_— -=- 

? céderet: [llorum esse praedam-atque illis reservari quae- 
; cumque R6mani reliquissent; proinde omnia in victoria 
. 


15 posita existimarent.* Nostri tametsi* ab duce et 4a for- 
tina déserébantur, tamen omnem spem salitis in virtite 

»  podnébant, et quotiéns ° quaeque cohors procurrerat, ab ea 
parte magnus numerus hostium cadébat. Qua ré ani- 

F madversa Ambiorix pronintiari iubet ut procul® téla 
20coniciant neu propius accédant et quam in partem Ro- 
mani impetum fécerint cédant (levitate arm6rum et coti- 
d diana exercitatione nihil his nocéri posse), riirsus sé‘ ad 








4 signa recipientés insequantur. . 

q incommodé, synonym, male. carus, -a, -um, dear. | 

4 déspératis, déspérationis, f.; cf. arripid, -ere, -ripui, -reptum, sezze 
: spéro. | guickly. 

necesse, indecl. adj., zecessary. __ proinde, therefore. 

I. -que connects discéderent 4. although. 

‘ and properaret. 5. as often as. 

; 2. Cf. fled. 6. from a distance. 

3 3. Subj. representing imperat. 7. Object of recipientés: to 


in direct discourse. whom does this refer ? 





48 


Io 


‘5 


SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


The Romans are defeated with fearful slaughter. 


35. Quo praecepté ab iis diligentissimé observatd, cum 
quaepiam cohors ex orbe' excesserat atque impetum féce- 
rat, hostés velocissimé refugiébant. Interim eam? par- 
tem nudari necesse erat et ab latere aperto téla recipere. 
Rirsus, cum in eum locum unde erant progressi reverti 
coeperant, et*® ab iis qui cesserant et* ab iis qui proximi - 
steterant circumveniébantur; sin autem locum tenére 
vellent, nec virtiti locus relinquébatur neque ab tanta 
multitidine coniecta téla conferti vitare poterant. Ta- 
men tot’ incommodis® cénflictati, multis vulneribus ac- 
ceptis resist€bant et magna parte diéi cOnsumpta, cum a 
prima liice ad horam octavam pugnarétur, nihil quod 
ipsis esset indignum committébant. Tum T. Balventio,° 
qui superiore anno primum’ pilum duxerat, viro forti et 
magnae auctoritatis, utrumque femur tragula * traicitur ; 
Q. Licanius, eiusdem Ordinis, fortissimé pugnans, dum 
circumvento filid subvenit, interficitur; L. Cotta légatus 
omnés cohortés Ordinésque adhortans in adversum 6s 
funda vulneratur. 


praeceptum, -1, n., order. 

quispiam, quaepiam, quodpiam, 
any. ° 

refugio; cf. fugid. 

sto, stare, steti, statum, stand, 
take one’s stand. 

conflict6, 1, break down. 

indignus, -a, -um, wuworthy. 


femur, femoris, n., thigh. 

traicid, -ere, -iéci, -iectum, fzerce ; 
cf. iacid. 

subvenio, -ire, -véni, -ventum, 20 
to help. 

adhortor, 1; cf. hortor. 

ds, Oris, n., wouth, face. 

funda, -ae, f., s/izg. 





1. circle. 

2. eam partem: ze. of the 
Roman army. 

3. both... and. 

4. SO many. 


5. disasters. 

6. Dative of reference. 

7. primum pilum: frst divt- 
8. javelin. 


j CAESAR, GALLIC WAR, BOOK V 49 


= An interview with Ambiorix is sought. 


36. His rébus permotus Q. Titirius, cum procul Am- 
biorigem suds cohortantem cOdnspéxisset, interpretem 
suum, Cn. Pompéium, ad eum mittit rogatum ut sibi 
militibusque parcat. Ille appellatus respondet: Si velit 

5 secum colloqui, licére ; spérare sé a multitiidine impetrari’ 
posse quod ad militum saliitem pertineat; ipsi* véro 
nihil nocitum iri, inque eam rem sé* suam fidem inter- 
ponere. Ille* cum Cotta saucid comminicat, si videatur, 
pugna ut excédant et cum Ambiorige tina colloquantur: 

Iospérare sé ab ed dé sua ac militum saliite impetrari posse. 
Cotta sé ad armatum hostem itiirum negat® atque in ed 
perseverat. 


a tm Ni 


oS ee A ee ee 


or 


Sabinus ts slain in conference, and his army ts destroyed. 

37. Sabinus quos° in’ praesentia tribinds militum cir- 
cum sé habébat et primorum ordinum centuridnés sé sequi 

15 iubet, et, cum propius Ambiorigem accessisset, iussus arma 
abicere imperatum facit suisque ut idem faciant imperat. 
Interim, dum dé condicidnibus inter sé agunt longiorque 
consultdserm6 ab Ambiorige instituitur, paulatim circum- 
ventus interficitur. Tum vérd sud more victdriam con- 
zoclamant atque ululatum tollunt impetiique in nostrds 


i 


Se age Td aR nes Ee Ne ee Be en Te 


, a 
=" 
bs vor 


parco, -ere, peperci, parsum, sermd, sermOnis, m., conversa- 








spare. t70n. 
comminicd, 1, confer. ululatus, -tis, m., shout, outcry, 
consultd, adv., on purpose. yell. 
1. impetrari posse: the sub- 4. Titurius. 
ject is quod . . . pertineat. 5. Said... not. 
2. Titurius. 6. quos tribiinds = eds tribiinds 
3- sé. . . interpdnere: Ze quis. 
pledged his honor. 7. in praesentia = illd tempore. 


SECOND YEAR LATIN — 4 





50 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


facto Srdinés perturbant. Ibi L. Cotta pugnans interfici- 
tur cum maxima parte militum. Reliqui sé in castra 
recipiunt unde erant égressi. Ex quibus L. Petrosidius 
aquilifer, cum magna multittidine hostium premerétur, . 
5 aquilam intra vallum prOicit, ipse pro castris fortissimé 
pugnans occiditur. Illi aegréad noctem oppugnationem 
sustinent; nocte ad inum omnés déspérata saliite sé ipsi 
interficiunt. Pauci ex proelid élapsi incertis’ itineribus 
per silvas ad T. Labiénum légatum in hiberna perveni- ~ 
1ount atque eum dé rébus gestis certiorem faciunt. 


The Aduatucit and Nervit are persuaded to join the revolt. 


38. Hac victoria sublatus Ambiorix statim cum 
equitatti in Aduatucds, qui erant eius régno finitimi, 
proficiscitur; neque noctem neque diem intermittit, 
peditatumque sé subsequiiubet. Rédémodnstrata Adua- 

15 tucisque concitatis, poster6 dié in Nervids perverit hor- 
taturque né sui” in perpetuum liberandi atque ulciscendi 
Romanos pro iis quas accéperint initriis occasisnem 
dimittant ; interfectos esse légatds duds magnamque 
partem exercitiis interisse * démGnstrat: Nihil esse‘ ne- 

20 g0tii subit6 oppressam® legidnem quae cum Cicerone . 
hiemet interfici; sé ad eam rem profitétur adittorem. 
Facile hac oratione Nerviis persuadet. 


aquilifer, -i, m.; cf. aquila +  peditatus, -tis,m.; cf. pedes, and 
fero. also eques, equitatus. 

aquila, -ae, f., eagle. profiteor, -éri, -fessus sum, offer. 

élabor, élabi, Glapsus sum, escape. adiiitor, adititoris, m.; cf. iuvo. 





1. chosen at random. 3. perished. | 

2. sui liberandi atque ulcis- 4. The subject is legidnem... 
cendi: modifies occdsidnem; fe  interfici. 
chance of freeing themselves and 5. Oppressam interfici: ¢o sur- 


of punishing. _ prise and slay. 


CAESAR, GALLIC WAR, BOOK V 51 


With reénforcements they attack Cicero's camp. 


39. Itaque confestim dimissis nintiis ad Ceutronés, 
Grudids, Levacds, Pleumoxids, Geidumndés, qui omnés 
sub eOrum’* imperi6 sunt, quam maximas possunt manis, 
cogunt et dé impr6vis6 ad Cicerdnis hiberna advolant, 

5 nondum ad eum fama dé Titiri morte perlata. Huic 
quoque accidit, quod fuit necesse, ut nonnilli milités, qui 
lignatidnis munitidnisque causa in silvas discessissent, 
repentin6o equitum adventii interciperentur. His circum- 
ventis magna mani Eburonés, Nervii, Aduatuci atque 

1ohdrum omnium socii et clientés legidnem oppugnare in- 
cipiunt. Nostri celeriter ad arma concurrunt, vallum 
conscendunt. Aegré is diés sustentatur, quod omnem 
spem hostés in celeritate ponébant atque hanc adeptés 
vict6riam in perpetuum sé fore victorés confidébant. 


Cicero prepares for a vigorous defense. 


15 40. Mittuntur ad Caesarem confestim a Cicerodne 
litterae magnis propositis praemiis lis,” qui pertulissent ; 
obsessis * omnibus viis missi intercipiuntur. Nocti ex 
ea materia quam minitidnis causa comportaverant turrés 
admodum‘ cxx excitantur® incrédibili celeritate, quae 

20 deesse operi vidébantur perficiuntur. Hostés postero dié 
multd maidribus coactis cdpiis castra oppugnant, fossam 
complent. A nostris eddem ratidne qua pridié resistitur. 
Hoc idem reliquis deinceps® fit diébus. Nulla pars 





advolo, 1, Zurry. | lignatid, lignatidnis, f., getting 
fama, -ae, f., report, rumor, wood. 
NewS. adipiscor, -i, adeptus sum, gazz. 
1. 2.é. the Nervili. 4. fully. 
2. Sc. niintiis. | | 5. were erected. 


3. blocked. 6. zu succession. 





52 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


nocturni temporis ad labo6rem intermittitur; n6dn aegris, 
non vulneratis facultas quiétis datur. Quaecumque ad 
proximi di€i oppugnationem opus sunt noctu comparan- 
tur; multae praeustae sudés, magnus miralium pilo6rum 

5 numerus instituitur; turrés contabulantur, pinnae Iéri- 
caeque ex cratibus attexuntur. Ipse Cicer6, cum te- 
nuissima valétiidine esset, né nocturnum quidem sibi 
tempus ad quiétem relinquébat, ut ultrd' militum con- 
curst? ac vocibus sibi parcere cOgerétur. 


Cicero refuses to be drawn out of camp. 


10 41. Tum ducés principésque Nervidrum, qui aliquem 
sermOonis* aditum causamque amicitiae cum Cicerdne 
habébant, colloqui sésé velle dicunt. Facta potestate, 
eadem quae Ambiorix cum Titirio égerat commemorant: 
Omnem esse in armis Galliam; Germands Rhénum 

15 transisse; Caesaris reliquorumque hiberna oppugnari. 
Addunt etiam dé Sabini morte; Ambiorigem ostentant 
fidei * faciendae causa. Errare eds dicunt, si quicquam 
ab iis praesidii spérent qui suis rébus diffidant; sésé 


quiés, quiétis, f., vest. 
praewtro, -ere, -ussi, -ustum, durz 
at the end. 


attex0, -ere, -texul, 
weave to, attach. 
tenuis, -e, delicate. 


-textum, 


sudis, sudis, f., stake. 

miralis, -e, of a wall, wall-. 

contabulo, 1, hezghten, build up 
in stories. 

pinna, -ae, f., dattlement. 

lorica, -ae, f., Aarapet. 

cratés, cratis, f., wzckerwork. 


valétid6, valétiidinis, f.; cf. valed. 

add, -ere, -didi, -ditum, add. 

ostentd, 1, frequentative of 
ostendo. 

erro, 1, ¢o be mistaken. 

diffido, -ere, -fisus sum, Zave no 
faith in. 





I. even. 
2. concursti ac vocibus: dy the 
actton and entreaties. 


3. sermonis aditum: sfeak- 


ing acquaintance, access to. 

4. fidei faciendae causa: for 
the sake of proving their truth- 
fulness. 3 


ne ee ie eee en 


ee 








_hoste armat6 condicio- 
1onem; siab armis discé- 


15iustitia quae petierint 


CAESAR, GALLIC WAR, BOOK V 53 


tamen hoc esse in Cicerdnem populumque RO6manum 
animé, ut nihil nisi hiberna reciisent atque hanc invete- 
rascere! cOnsuétiidinem? ndlint; licére illis incolumibus 
per sé ex hibernis discédere et quascumque in partés 
velint sine metii® proficisci. Cicerd ad haec inum modo 
respondet: Non esse 
consuétiidinem populi 
ROmani accipere ab 


dere velint, sé adititore 
utantur légatosque ad 
Caesarem mittant ; 
spérare sé pro eius* 


impetratiroés.° 
The Nervii lay siege to the 


camp. 


42. Ab hac spé re- 
pulsi Nervii vallo pe- 
dum x et fossa pedum 





-20XV hiberna cingunt. Haec et superidrum annodrum 


cOnsuétidine 4 nobis cOgndverant et, qudsdam dé 
exercitii ® nacti captivds, ab his docébantur; sed, nulla’ 
ferramentorum copia quae essent ad hunc tisum id6nea, 
gladiis caespités * circumcidere, manibus sagulisque ter- 


ferramentum, -i, n., zvon fool. cf. caed6. 
circumcid6, -ere, -cidi, -cisum; sagulum, -i, n., mz/itary cloak. 





ey oA ee ae ae 





1. become fixed. 

2. z.e. of wintering. 
3. fear. 

4. z.e. Caesar, 


Sc. eds as subject. 

z.e. of the Romans. 

nulla ... copia: abl. abs. 
sods. 


gir alee ti te 


54 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


ram exhaurire cOgébantur. Qua quidem ex ré hominum 
multitiud6 cogndsci potuit; nam minus horis tribus mi- 
lium passuum i1 in circuiti: minitisnem perfécérunt. 
Reliquis diébus turrés ad altitidinem valli, falcés testi- 

5 dinésque, quas idem captivi docuerant, parare ac facere 
coeperunt. 


The Nervit make a determined attack, but are sturdily resisted, 

43. Septimd oppugnatidnis dié maximé coortd vents 
ferventés fiisili ex argilla glandés fundis’ et fervefacta — 
iacula in casas, quae more Gallicd stramentis erant téctae, 

rolacere coepérunt. Hae celeriter ignem comprehendé- 
runt” et venti magnittiidine in omnem locum castrdrum 
distulérunt. Host€és maximo clamGre, sicuti parta iam 
atque explorata victoria, turrés testiidinésque agere et 
scalis vallum ascendere coepérunt. At tanta militum 
15 virtiis atque ea praesentia* animi fuit ut, cum® undi- 
que flamma torrérentur maximaque télorum multitidine 
premerentur suaque omnia impedimenta atque omnés for- 
tiinds conflagrare intellegerent, non modo dé vallo décé- 
deret ném6, sed paene né respiceret quidem quisquam, ac 
20tum omnés Acerrimé fortissiméque pugnarent. Hic diés 
nostris longé gravissimus fuit; sed tamen hunc habuit 


exhaurid, -ire, -hausi, -haustum, 
drain off, carry off. 

falx, falcis, f., Zook. 

coorior, -iri, -ortus sum; cf. orior. 

ferveod, -ére, fervui, , glow. 

fiisilis, -e, wzelted. 

argilla, -ae, f., clay. 

glans, glandis, f., dz//et. 

fervefacid; cf. ferved + facio. 





iaculum, -i, n., dart. 

casa, -ae, f., Zu. 

stramentum, -i, n., thatch. 

tégo, -ere, téxi, tectum, cover. 
pario, -ere, peperl, partum, gazz. 
scalae, -arum, f., /adder. 
flamma, -ae, f., five. 

torred, -ére, torrui, tostum, scorch. 
conflagro, 1, de on fire. 





1. with modifies 
iacere. 


2. caught. 


slings ; 


3. presence. 
4. Introduces décéderet, etc. 
5. Concessive. 


CAESAR, GALLIC WAR, BOOK V 55 


éventum, ut ed dié maximus numerus hostium vulnera- 
rétur atque interficerétur, ut’ sé sub ipso vallo constipa- 
verant recessumque primis ultimi non dabant. 
quidem intermissa flamma et quodam loco turri adacta 
5 et contingente’ vallum, tertiae cohortis centuriodnés ex 
e6 quo stabant* loco recessérunt sudsque omnés remo- 
vérunt, niti vocibusque hostés,* si introire vellent, vo- 
care coepérunt; quorum progredi aususest némd. Tum 
ex omni parte lapidibus coniectis déturbati,’ turrisque 
10 succénsa est. | | 


The rivalry of two brave centurions. 


44. Erant in ea legidne fortissimi viri, centurionés, 
qui iam primis ordinibus appropinquarent, T. Pulls et 
L. Vorénus. Hi perpetuas inter sé contr6versias ® habé- 
bant, uter alteri anteferrétur, omnibusque annis dé loc6’ 

15summis simultatibus contendébant. Ex his Pull6, cum 
acerrimé ad minitidnés pugnarétur, ‘Quid dubitas,’ in- 
quit,® ‘Voréne? aut quem locum tuae. probandae virtitis 
exspectas? Hic diés dé nostris controversiis itidicabit.’ 
Haec cum dixisset, procédit extra® miunitidnés, quaeque 
20pars hostium confertissima est visa, in eam irrumpit. 
Né Vorénus quidem sésé tum vallo continet, sed om- 


Paulum | 





constipo, 1, crowd closely. 

recessus, -lis, m., chance for re- 
treat; cf. re-cédo. 

introed ; cf. intrd, wthin + e6. 

déturbd, 1, drive down, beat 
down, dislodge. 


succendod, -ere, -cendi, -cénsum, 
set on fire. 

anteferd ; cf. ferd. 

simultas, simultatis, f., rzvalry. 

tuus, -a, -um, ¢hy, your. 

irrump06, -ere, -riipi, -ruptum, 75%. 





1. znasmuch as. 

2. touching. 

3. stood. 

4. Accusative. : 

5. déturbati(sunt): sc. hostés 


as subject. | 
6. aisputes. 
7. rank. 
8. said he. 
9. outszde of. 


56 


IO 


15 


20 


SELECTIONS FROM: CAESAR AND NEPOS 


nium veritus existimatisnem' subsequitur. Mediocri 
spatid relicto Pullo pilum in hostés immittit atque inum 
ex multitidine procurrentem traicit;? quG percussd et 
exanimato, hunc scutis prdtegunt hostés, in illum ini- 
versi* téla coniciunt neque dant progrediendi facultatem. 
Transfigitur sciitum Pulldni et veriitum in balted défigi- 
tur. Avertit hic casus vaginam et gladium édicere cé- 
nanti* dextram moratur manum, impeditumque hostés 
circumsistunt. 
ranti subvenit.’ Ad hunc sé cénfestim 4 Pull6ne omnis 
multitids6 convertit ; illum veriito transfixum® arbitrantur. 
Vorénus gladid rem comminus’ gerit atque tind interfectd 
reliquos paulum propellit; dum cupidius instat, in locum 
délatus inferidrem concidit. Huic risus circumvento 
subsidium fert Pull6, atque ambod incolumés compliri- 
bus interfectis summa cum laude® sésé intra minitidnés 
recipiunt. Sic fortiina in contentidne et certamine 
utrumque® versavit ut alter alteri inimicus auxili6 salutt- 
que esset, neque diiiidicari posset uter utri virtute 
anteferendus vidérétur. 


Succurrit inimicus illi Vorénus et labo- — 


mediocris, -e, #oderate. 
immittd; cf. mitto. 

percutid, -ere, -cussi, -cussum, 
pierce through. 

protego; cf. tego. 

progredior ; cf. égredior. 
vertitum, -i, n., javelin. 

balteus, -i, m., sword belt. 

défigo, -ere, -fixi, -fixum, 7x 


firmly, fasten. 
vagina, -ae, f., sheath. 
succurro, -ere, -curri, -cursum, 7“ 
Lo help. 
concido, -ere, -cidi, ——, fa/l/. 
amb6d, ambae, ambd, doth. 
certamen, certaminis, n., covzest. 
verso, 1, frequentative of verto. 
diitidico, 1, deczde. 





. Cf. existims. 

. pierced. 

. na body. 

. Se. ei: lit. fo him trying. 
. came to the aid of. 


math WwW Db He 


6. pierced through. 

7. at close quarters. 

8. applause. 

9. (the relative position of) 
each, : 


CAESAR, GALLIC WAR, BOOK V 57 


Caesar is informed of the attack. 

45. Quantd! erat in diés gravior atque asperior op- 
- ~pugnatid, et maximé quod magna parte militum confecta 
vulneribus rés* ad paucitatem défénsdrum pervénerat, 
tantd crébridrés litterae niintiique ad Caesarem mitté- 
5 bantur; quorum pars déprehénsa in conspectu nostro- 
rum militum cum cruciati necabatur. Erat tnus intus 
Nervius, ndmine Verticd, locd* natus honestd,* qui a 
prima obsididne ad Cicer6nem perfiigerat summamque 
ei fidem praestiterat. Hic servo* spé libertatis magnis- 
10 que persuadet praemiis ut litteras ad Caesarem déferat. 
Has ille in iaculd® illigatas effert et Gallus inter Gallds 
sine ula suspiciOne versatus’ ad Caesarem pervenit. Ab 

eo dé periculis Ciceronis legionisque cognoscitur. 


Caesar prepares relief for Cicero. 


46. Caesar, acceptis litteris hora circiter x1 diéi, statim 

15 nintiumin Bellovacdsad M. Crassum quaestdrem mittit, 
cuius hiberna aberant ab e6 milia passuum xxv; iubet 
media nocte legidnem proficisci celeriterque ad sé ve- — 
nire. Exitcum* nintid Crassus. Alterum® ad C. Fabium 
légatum mittit ut in Atrebatium finés legidnem addicat, 

20 qua sibi iter faciendum sciébat. Scribit Labiéno, si rei 
publicae commod6 facere possit, cum legidne ad finés 





asper, aspera, asperum, vzolent?. 
déprehendd, -ere, -prehendi, -pre- 
hénsum, catch. 


intus, adv., wzthzn. 
illigd, 1, 7ze fo or tuto, fasten on 
or 27. 





. . tantd: lit. dy 


I. quanto . 
how much . by so much; 
freely, the . . . the. 

2. the force. 


3. station. 
4. honorable. 
i ae 


6. in iaculd: ‘the shaft of the 
javelin was doubtless hollow and 
the letter hidden inside. 

7. after mingling. 

8. cum nintid: ov the receipt 
of the dispatch. 

9. @ second. 


58 


Io 


15 


20 


SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


Nervidrum veniat. Reliquam partem exercitiis, quod 
paulo aberat longius, ndn putat exspectandam ; equités 
circiter Cccc ex proximis hibernis cdgit. 


Caesar places Crassus in charge of the winter quarters at Samarobriva. 
Labienus remains in his own camp. 

47. Hora circiter tertia ab antecursoribus dé Crassi 
adventii certior factus ed dié milia passuum xx procédit. 
Crassum Samarobrivae praeficit legidnemque eiattribuit, 
quod ibi impedimenta exercitiis, obsidés civitatum, lit- 
teras piblicas, frimentumque omne quod eo tolerandae* 
hiemis causa dévéxerat relinquébat. Fabius, ut impera- 
tum erat,'ndn ita multum moratus in itinere cum legione 
occurrit. Labiénus interitii Sabini et caede cohortium 
cognita, cum omnés ad eum Tréverdrum cOpiae vénis- 
sent, veritus né, si ex hibernis fugae similem profectio- 
nem fécisset, hostium impetum sustinére n6dn posset, 
praesertim quds” recenti victoria efferri sciret, litteras 
Caesari remittit quanto cum periculd legidnem ex hiber- 
nis éductirus esset; rem gestam in Eburdnibus per- 
scribit; docet omnés equitatiis peditatiisque codpias 
Tréverdrum tria milia passuum longé ab suis castris 
consédisse. 

A dispatch ts sent to Cicero. 

48. Caesar cOnsilid eius probaté, etsi opinidne?® trium 

legidnum déiectus ad duas reciderat, tamen Unum com- 


antecursor, antecursoris, m., fore- _ similis, -e, /zke. 
runner. perscribd, -ere, -scripsi, -scriptum, 
dévehi, -ere, -véxi, -vectum, carry describe. 
away. recidd, -ere, -cidi, -ciasum, /a// 


interitus, -iis, m., = mors. 
caedés, caedis, f., slaughter. 


back, relapse, sink, return, be 
reduced. 





1. enduring. 


2. quds sciret = cum eds sciret. 


3. expectation ; abictive of sep- 
aration. 


ee ee eee, ey 


ae) ve 


ne OP 
Q 


CAESAR, GALLIC WAR, BOOK V- * 59 


mini saliti auxilium in celeritate ponébat. Venit mag- 
nis itineribus in Nervidrum finés. Ibi ex captivis 
cognéscit quae apud Cicer6nem gerantur quantoque in 
periculd rés sit. Tum cuidam ex equitibus Gallis mag- 

5 nis praemiis persuadet uti ad-Cicerdnem epistulam dé- 
ferat. Hanc Graecis cdnscriptam litteris mittit, né 
intercepta epistula nostra ab hostibus cdnsilia cogno- 
scantur. Si adire ndn possit, monet ut tragulam* cum 
epistula ad Aamentum déligata’ intra munitioOnés castro- 

1orum abiciat. In litteris scribit sé cum legidnibus duabus 
profectum celeriter affore ;* hortatur ut pristinam virtt- 
tem retineat. Gallus periculum veritus, ut erat praecep- 
tum,’ tragulam mittit. Haec casi ad turrim adhaesit 
neque 4 nostris bidu6 animadyersa tertid dié 4 quodam 

15 milite cOnspicitur, démpta ad Cicerdnem défertur. [lle 
perléctam in conventi militum recitat maximaque omnés 
laetitia afficit. Tum fiimi® incendidrum procul® vidé- 
bantur : quae rés omnem dubitatisnem adventiis legisnum 
expulit. | 

The Gauls leave Cicero and march against Caesar. 

20 49. Galliré cOgnita per exploratorés obsididnem relin- 
quunt, ad Caesarem omnibus cdpiis contendunt. Haec 
erant armata circiter milia Lx. Cicerd data facultate 
Gallum alium ab eddem VerticOne quem supra dém6n- 





epistula, -ae, f., = litterae. perleg6, -ere, -légi, -léctum, ~¢ad 
amentum, -i, n., Zhong. through. 
adhaerésc6, -ere, -haesi, -haesum, _recit0, 1, read aloud. 
stick. 7 laetitia, -ae, f., pleasure, delight, 
démo, -ere, démpsi, démptum, g/adness. 
take down. incendium, -i, n., 777¢. 
1. javelin. 4. ordered. 
2. Cf. illigd. 5. smoke. 


3. would be on hand. 6. ata distance. 


60 


Io 


aS 


20 


SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


stravimus repetit’ qui litteras ad Caesarem déferat; 
hunc admonet iter cauté diligenterque faciat; perscribit 
in litteris hostés ab sé discessisse omnemque ad eum mul- 
tittidinemconvertisse. Quibus litteris circiter media nocte 
Caesar allatis suds facit certidrés eGsque ad dimicandum 
animo confirmat. Posterd dié lice prima movet castra 
et circiter milia passuum quattuor progressus trans val- 
lem et rivum multitidinem hostium cénspicatur. Erat 
magni periculi rés cum tantulis? cdpiis iniqud locd dimi- 
care; tum, quoniam obsidione liberatum Cicerdnem scié- 
bat, aequd anim6 remittendum * dé celeritate existimabat. 
Considit et quam aequissim6 potest locé castra comminit 
atque haec,* etsi erant exigua® per sé, vix hominum ° 
milium septem, praesertim niullis cum impedimentis, 
tamen angustiis’ viarum quam maximé potest contra-. 
hit, eO cdnsilid, ut in summam contemptidnem hostibus® 
veniat. Interim speculatdribus * in omnés partés dimissis 
explorat quo commodissimé itinere vallem transire possit. 


Caesar under pretense of fear entices the Gauls to his own ground. 


50. Eo dié parvulis” equestribus proeliis ad aquam 
factis utrique sésé sud locd continent: Galli,“ quod am- 
plidrés copias, quae ndndum convénerant, exspectabant; 


admone6, 2; cf. moned. 
cauté, cautiously. 


rivus, -i, m., stream. 
septem, indecl. num. adj., seven. 





1. Cf. petd. 

2. such small. 

3. Lit. zt might be slackened 
Srom. 

4. Sc. castra, the obj. of con- 
trahit. 

5. small. 

6. hominum milium septem : 


gen. of description with haec 
(castra). 

7. angustiis viarum: by mak- 
ing the streets narrow. 


8. zn the eyes of the enemy. 
9. Spies. 
10. slight. 

11. Sc. sésé. . . continent. 


Ae ec ey eae ee 


be 


ee ae, eee 





CAESAR, GALLIC WAR, BOOK V 61 


Caesar,'! si forte* tim6dris simulatiOne hostés in suum 
locum élicere posset, ut citra vallem pro castris proelid 
contenderet; si id efficere n6én posset, ut exploratis iti- 
neribus minore cum periculo vallem rivumque transiret. 
Prima lice hostium equitatus ad castra accédit proelium- 
que cum nostris equitibus committit. Caesar cdnsultd* 
equités cédere séque in castra recipere iubet; simul ex 
omnibus partibus castra altidre vall6 muniri portasque 
obstrui atque in his administrandis rébus quam maximé 


10 concursari* et cum simulati6ne agi timoris iubet. 


Caesar attacks and utterly routs the Gauls. 


51. Quibus omnibus rébus hostés invitati copias tra- 
diicunt aciemque iniqu6. locd.constituunt, nostris vérd 
etiam dé vailo déductis propius accédunt et téla intra 
miunitionem ex omnibus partibus coniciunt praeconibus- 


15 que circummissis pronuntiari iubent, seu quis Gallus seu 


Romanus velit ante hoéram tertiam ad sé transire, sine 
periculd licére ; post id tempus non fore potestatem. Ac 
sic nostros contempsérunt, ut, obstriictis in speciem portis 
singulis 6rdinibus caespitum,’ quod ea *n6n posse intro- 


20 rumpere vidébantur, alii vallum mani scindere, alii fossas 


complére inciperent. Tum Caesar omnibus portis érupti- 
one facta equitatiique Emisso celeriter hostés in fugam dat, 


élicid, -ere, -licui, -licitum, draw 
out, entice. 

Obstrud, -ere, -striixi, -striictum, 
block. 

praeco, praeconis, m., Zerald. 


circummitt6; cf. mittd. 

contemno, -ere, -tempsi, -temp- 
tum, desfise. 

introrumpd, -ere, -riipi, -ruptum, 
break in. 





1. Sc. sésé . . . continet. 

2. by chance. 

3. on purpose. 

4. Cf. currd: concursari and 


agi are impersonal. 

5. sods. 

6. Sc. vid, z.e. by way of the 
gates. 


62 


Io 


SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


sic uti omnino pugnandi causa resisteret nemo, magnum- 
que ex lis numerum occidit atque omnés armis exuit.! 


Caesar proceeds to Cicero’s camp and congratulates the officers and men on 
their bravery. 


52. Longius prosequi veritus, quod silvae paliidésque 
intercédébant, omnibus suis incolumibus eddem dié ad 
Cicerdnem pervenit. Institiitds turrés, testiidinés miini- 
tidnésque hostium admiratur ; producta legidne cOgn6scit 
non decimum?” quemque esse reliquum militem sine vul- 
nere; ex his omnibus itidicat rébus quant6d cum periculd 
et quanta virtiite rés sint administratae. Cicerdnem prod 
eius merito legidnemque collaudat; centuridnés singil- 
latim tribindsque militum appellat, quorum égregiam 
fuisse virtiitem testimonid Cicerdnis cdgndverat. Dé 
casi Sabini et Cottae certius ex captivis cdgndscit. 


- Posterd dié cdntidne habita rem gestam prdpdnit, milités 


15 


consolatur et confirmat; quod détrimentum culpa et te- 
meritate légati sit acceptum, hdc * aequidre animé feren- 
dum docet, quod beneficis 4dedrum immortalium et virtiite 
edrum expiat6 incommodo® neque hostibus® dittina 
laetitia neque ipsis longior dolor relinquatur. 


RESUME OF CHAPTERS 53-58 


Because many Gallic tribes seem on the verge of rebellion, Caesar 
decides to winter in Gaul. Under Indutiomarus the Gauls plan to 
attack the camp of Labienus. They are lured to the very walls of 
the camp, and then attacked and completely routed. 





collaudo, 1, Arazse highly. mess, indiscretion. 
contid, contiinis, f., assembly. | expi0, 1, atone for. 
culpa, -ae, f., fazlt. dititinus, -a, -um, /ong-continued, 
temeritas, temeritatis, f., rash- lasting. 
1. stripped. 4. beneficid, virttite: abls. of 
2. decimum quemque militem: means. 
one soldter in ten. 5. disaster. 


3. Abl. of cause. 6. Dat. of reference. 





LIBER SEXTUS 


; RESUME OF CHAPTERS 1-10 


During the winter Caesar levies more troops in order to be 
; ready for the expected uprising of the Gauls. In the early spring 
he lays waste the territory of the Nervii, and the Senones and the 
Carnutes submit — all of whom previously refused to come to a con- 
ference of Gallic tribes which Caesar had called. He then proceeds 
against the Menapii in the north, who have never been subdued, and 
receives their submission. Meanwhile Labienus engages in battle 
with the Treveri, and they surrender. That he may frighten the 
Suebi, who plan to join the Treveri, Caesar again crosses the Rhine, 
but finds that they have retreated into the deep forests. 





Customs of the Gauls. Two factions. 





iz. Quoniam ad hunc locum’ perventum est, nén 
aliénum esse vidétur dé Galliae Germaniaeque moribus 
et quo differant hae nati6nés inter sésé proponere. In 
Gallia nodn sdlum in omnibus civitatibus atque in omni- 

5 bus pagis partibusque, sed paene etiam in singulis 
domibus factidnés sunt, earumque factidnum principés 
sunt qui summam auctoritatem edrum? itdicid habére 
existimantur, qudrum* ad arbitrium‘ itidiciumque 

: summa’* omnium rérum consilidrumque redeat.6 Idque 
1o eius’ rei causa antiquitus instititum vidétur, né quis ex 
plébe contra potentidrem auxilii egéret; suds enim 


Cee ae Ae ee 


sate lie ta) 





{ eged, -ére, egui, ——, lack. 
1. Point (in the story). 5. final judgment. 
2. 2.é. Gallorum. 6. zs referred. 
4 3. Refers to party leaders. 7. eius rel: explained by the 
4. aiscretion. clause né. . . egéret. 
63 





Eves wer oe Tes 
? 


64 


10 


a5 


20 


SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


quisque opprimi et circumveniri n6n patitur, neque, 
aliter si faciat, ullam inter suds habeat auctoritatem. 
Haec eadem ratio est in' summa totius Galliae;? nam- 
que omnés civitatés divisae sunt in duds partés. 


By the help of the Romans, the Hacduans gain the ascendancy. 


12. Cum Caesar in Galliam vénit, alterius factidnis 
principés erant Haedui, alterius Séquani. Hi cum per 
sé minus valérent, quod summa auctoritas antiquitus 
erat in Haeduis magnaeque edrum erant clientélae, 
German6s atque Ariovistum sibi aditinxerant edsque ad 
sé magnis iactiris pollicitatisnibusque* perdiixerant. 
Proeliis véro compliribus factis secundis atque omni 
nobilitate Haedudrum interfecta, tantum potentia* an- 
tecesserant® ut magnam partem clientium ab Haeduis 
ad sé tradiicerent® obsidésque ab his principum filids 
acciperent, et publicé itrare’ cdgerent nihil sé contra 
SéquanOds cOnsilii inittrds, et partem finitimi agri per 
vim occupatam possidérent Galliaeque t6otius principa- 
tum obtinérent. Qua necessitate adductus Diviciacus 
auxilii petendi causa Ro6mam ad senatum_ profectus 
infecta ré redierat. Adventii Caesaris facta commi- 
tatione rérum, obsidibus Haeduis® redditis, veteribus 
clientélis restitiitis, novis per Caesarem comparatis, 





clientéla, -ae, f., dehendency. . tantum, ¢o such a degree. 
iactiira, -ae, f., a throwing, con-  antecédd; cf. cédo. 
cession. inficid ; cf. in (vot) + facid. 

1. insumma: 27 general. 6. With the following four 
2. Pred. gen. of possession. subjunctives denotes result after 
3. Cf. polliceor. tantum .. . antecesserant. 
4. Cf. possum. 7. Sc. principés as subject. 
5. Sc. Séquani. 8. Dative. 








CAESAR, GALLIC WAR, BOOK VI (65 


quod! ii? qui sé ad edrum® amicitiam aggregaverant 
melidre condicidne atque aequidre imperid sé uti* vidé- 
bant, reliquis rébus edrum gratia dignitateque amplificata, 
Séquani principatum dimiserant. Inedrum locum Rémi 

5 successerant; quds® quod adaequare apud Caesarem 
gratia intellegébatur, ii qui propter veterés inimicitias 
nulls modd cum Haeduis coniungi poterant sé Rémis 
in clientélam dicabant.. H6s illi diligenter tuébantur; 
ita et novam et repente® colléctam’ auctdritatem teneé- 

robant. E6 tamen stati rés erat, ut longé principés 
Haedui habérentur, secundum locum dignitatis Rémi 
obtinérent.® 


The condition of the common people and the power of the Druids. 


13. In omni Gallia edrum hominum qui aliquo® sunt 
numerd atque hondre genera sunt duo; nam plébés 
15 paene servorum habétur loco, quae nihil audet per sé, 
nulli adhibétur cdnsilio. Plérique, cum aut aere aliéno” 
aut magnitidine tribitorum aut initria potentidrum 
premuntur, sésé in servitiitem dicant ndbilibus; quibus ™ 
in” hos eadem omnia sunt itira quae dominis in servos. 
20Sed dé his dudbus generibus alterum est druidum, 





aggrego, I, attach. tribitum, -i, n., fax. 

inimicitia, -ae, f.; cf. amicitia. dominus, -i, m., master. 

dicd, 1, gzve over. druidés, -um, m., the drutds, 

status, -tis, m., condition. - priests. 
1. quod... vidébant: tells 7. acquired. 

the reason for novis . . . com- 8. held. | 

_ paratis. 9. aliqué numerd: of any 

2. Subject of vidébant. account. | 
3. z.¢. Haedudrum. ro. aere aliénd: lit. dy an- 
4. enjoyed. | other’s copper, t.e. debt. 
5. Subject of adaequare. 11. Dat. of possession. 
6. suddenly. 12. over. : 


SECOND YEAR LATIN— 5 


66 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


alterum equitum. Illi rébus divinis intersunt,’ sacrificia 
publica ac privata procirant, religidnés” interpretantur ; 
ad eds magnus aduléscentium numerus disciplinae causa 
concurrit, magnoque hi* sunt apud eds* hondre. Nam 
5 feré dé omnibus contr6versiis publicis privatisque con- 
stituunt, et, si quod est facinus® admissum,® si caedés 
facta, si dé héréditate, dé finibus contr6versia est, idem-~< 
décernunt, praemia poenasque cOonstituunt; si qui aut 
privatus aut populus edrum décrétd’ non stetit, sacrifi- 
1ociis interdicunt.2 Haec poena apud eds est gravissima. 
Quibus ita est interdictum, hi numero impidrum ac 
sceleratorum habentur, his* omnés décédunt, aditum 
eOrum sermonemque défugiunt, né quid ex contagione 
incommodi accipiant, neque iis petentibus itis redditur 
1sneque honds illus comminicatur.” His autem omni- 
bus druidibus praeest inus, quisummam inter eds habet 
auctoritatem. Hdc mortud” aut, si qui ex reliquis 
excellit dignitate, succédit, aut, si sunt plurés ” parés, suf- 
fragio * druidum, ndnnumquam etiam armis dé princi- 
20patii contendunt. Hi certo anni tempore in finibus 








sacrificium, -i, n., @ sacréjice. sceleratus, -a, -um, crzzinal. 
prociiro, 1; cf. cird. . défugid; cf. fugis. 
interpretor, 1, explazn. contagi6, contagiinis, f., a touch- 
héréditas, héreditatia, f., aw in- ing, contact. 
heritance. excelld, -ere, ) ,= 

décrétum, -i, n., deczszon. praestat. 
impius, -a, -um, wzcked. suffragium, -i, n., vote. 

1. are concerned with. 8. forbid. 

2. religious rites. 9. Dative. Cf. Eng. make 

3. = druidés. way for. 

4. = plébem. 10. zs shared with. 

5. crime. 11. dead. 

6. committed. 12. several. 

7. décrét6 non stetit: does 13. Abl. of means with con- 


not abide vais their ee, tendunt. 


CAESAR, GALLIC WAR, BOOK VI 67 


Carnutum, quae regio totius- Galliae media habétur, 
considunt* in loc6 cdnsecrat6. Htic omnés undique 
qui controversias habent conveniunt edrumque décrétis 
iidiciisque parent.2  Disciplina* in Britannia reperta 

5 atque inde in Galliam translata existimatur, et nunc qui 
diligentius eam rem cogndéscere volunt plérumque illo‘ 
discendi causa proficiscuntur. 


Doctrine of the Druids. 





14. Druidés a bello abesse consuérunt neque tribita 
una cum reliquis pendunt. Tantis excitati praemiis et 
__tosua sponte multi in disciplinam conveniunt et a parenti- 
. bus propinquisque mittuntur. Magnum ibi numerum 

versuum édiscere dicuntur. Itaque annds nonnilli xx 

in disciplina permanent.’ Neque fas® esse existimant 

ea litteris mandare, cum’ in reliquis feré rébus, publicis 
15 privatisque rationibus,* Graecis litteris titantur. Id 
mihi duabus dé causis instituisse videntur, quod neque 
in vulgus disciplinam ® efferri velint, neque eds qui dis- 
cunt litteris confisss minus memoriae studére; quod” 
feré plérisque accidit, ut praesidid™ litterarum diligentiam 
20in perdiscend6 ac memoriam remittant. In primis hoc” 


consecro, 1, make holy, dedicate, versus, -iis, m., verse. 








consecrate. édisc6, -ere, -didicl, , earn 
transferd ; cf. fero. by heart. 
parentés, -um, m., arents. perdisco ; cf. édisco. 
1. gather. 8. accounts. 
2. obey. 9. doctrine. 
3. the system. to. Explained by the clause 
4. z.é. in Britanniam. ut . . . remittant. 
5. Cf. maned. 11. with the help. 
6. right. 12, Explained by interire and 
7. Concessive. ; transire. 





68 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


volunt persuadére, n6n interire’ animas, sed ab aliis 
post mortem transire ad alids; atque hdc maximé ad 
virtutem excitari” putant, metit mortis neglécto. Multa 
praeterea dé sideribus atque edrum moti, dé mundi ac 
5 terrarum magnitiidine, dé rérum natura, dé dedrum im- 
mortalium vi ac petestate disputant et iuventiti tradunt. 


The EK nights. 


15. Alterum genus est equitum. Hi, cum est isus® - 
atque aliquod bellum incidit {quod‘ feré ante Caesaris 
adventum quotannis accidere solébat, uti aut ipsi inii- 

1orias inferrent aut illatas propulsarent), omnés in belld 
versantur, atque edrum® ut quisque est genere cdpiisque 
amplissimus, ita plirimds circum sé ambactds clientés- 
que habet. Hanc® inam gratiam potentiamque né- 
verunt. 

Human sacrifices. 

15 16. Natid est omnis Gallsrum admodum’ dédita re- 
ligidnibus, atque ob eam causam qui sunt affecti graviGri- 
bus morbis quique in proeliis periculisque versantur aut 
pro victimis hominés* immolant aut sé immolatiirds vo- 
vent, administrisque ad ea sacrificia druidibus utuntur, 


anima, -ae, f., sow. | tomed, be wont. 

sidus, sideris, n., star. ambactus, -1, m., retainer. 
motus, -iis, m., 7o¢zon. morbus, -i, m., dsease. 
mundus, -i, m., wzverse. victima, -ae, f., vzctzm. 
disputd, 1, dzscuss. immol6, 1, sacrzjice. 

iuventis, iuventitis, f., youth. voved, -ére, vOvi, votum, vow. 


sole, -ére, solitus sum, de accus- administer, -tri, m., attendant. 





1. perish. | of themis .. . the more, etc. — 
2. Sc. hominés as subject. | 6. hanc tinam: only this, ze. 
3. = Opus. no other. 

4. Refers to bellum incidit. 7. much. 

5. edrum ut quisque . . . ita 8. Object of both immolant 


plirimds: the more famous each and immolatiros. 


CAESAR, GALLIC WAR, BOOK VI 69 


quod, pro vita hominis nisi hominis vita reddatur, non 
posse dedrum immortalium nimen placari arbitrantur ; 
publicéque eiusdem generis habent? institiita sacrificia. 
Alii immani magnittdine simulacra* habent, quorum 
5 contexta viminibus * membra ‘ vivis hominibus complent ; 
-quibus succénsis circumventi flamma exanimantur homi- 
nés. Supplicia edrum qui in firtd aut in latrdcinid aut 
in aliqua noxia sint comprehénsi gratidra® dis immorta- 
libus esse arbitrantur; sed, cum eius generis cOpia dé- 
io ficit, etiam ad innocentium supplicia déscendunt. 





The gods of the Gauls. 


17. Dedrum maximé Mercurium colunt;* huius sunt 
plirima simulacra; hunc omnium inventdrem artium 
_ ._ ferunt,’ hunc viarum atque itinerum ducem,® hunc ad 
| quaestiis peciiniae mercatirasque habére vim maximam 
15arbitrantur. Post hunc Apollinem et Martem et Iovem 
j et Minervam. Dé his eandem feré quam reliquae 
gentés*® habent opinisnem: Apollinem morbds dépellere, 
Minervam operum atque artificidrum initia tradere,” 


ee ee ee - 








niimen, niminis, n.. Zvine will. — latrocinium, -i, n., robbery. 
| placd, 1, appease. noxia, -ae, f., offense. 
; immanis, -e, exormous. innocéns, innocentis, zzo0cent. 
simulacrum, -i, zage, zdol. inventor, inventoris, m.,zzventor. 
contexo, -ere, -texui, -textum, rs, artium, f., sk7//, craft. 
plait. quaestus, -iis, m., ¢he gaining. 
membrum, -i, n., /z72d. peciinia, -ae, f., zoney. 
vivus, -a, -um, a/zve. mercatira, -ae, f., trade. 
firtum, -i, n., ¢he/t. artificium, -i, n., andicraft. 
1. habent... sacrificia: they 5. more pleasing. 
have sacrifices established. 6. worship. 
2. z.é. idols in the shape of 7. they say. 
men. 8. guide. 
3. twigs. 9. tribes. 


4. Object. of complent. 10. teaches. 





70 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


Iovem imperium caelestium tenére, Martem bella regere. 
Huic, cum proelio dimicare constituérunt, ea quae belld 
céperint plérumque dévovent; cum superavérunt, ani- 
malia capta immolant reliquasque rés in inum locum 
5 conferunt. Multis in civitatibus harum rérum exstric- 
tos' tumulds locis cOnsecratis cOonspicari licet; neque 
saepe accidit ut neglécta quispiam religidne * aut capta® 
apud‘ sé occultare® aut posita® tollere audéret, gravis- 
simumque ei rei supplicium cum cruciati cOnstitiitum est. 


The reputed origin of the Gauls. Status of children. 


10 18. Galli sé omnés ab Dite patre prognatds praedi- 
cant’ idque ab druidibus préditum* dicunt. Ob eam 
causam spatia omnis temporis non numero diérum, sed 
noctium finiunt; diés natalés et ménsium et annorum 
initia sic observant ut® noctem diés subsequatur. In 

15reliquis vitae institittis hdc feré” ab reliquis differunt, 
quod suds liberds, nisi cum adolévérunt ut minus” mili- 
tiae sustinére possint, palam ad sé adire non patiuntur, 
filiumque puerili aetate in ptiblic6 in cdnspecti patris 
assistere turpe ” dicunt. 








caelestis, -e, Zeavenly (being). adolésco, -ere, -olévi, -ultum, grow 
rego, -ere, réxi, réctum, control. up. 
dévoved, -ére, -vovi, -vitum, vow. militia, -ae, f., mzlitary service, 
animal, animalis, n., avzmad. warfare. 
finid, 4, 77easure. puerilis, -e; cf. puer. | 
natalis, -e, of d¢rth; with diés, assist6, -ere, -stiti, , stand 
birthday. near. 
1. piled up. 8. handed down. 
2. religious obligation. 9. ut... subsequatur: 2.¢. 
3. 2.€. in war: SC. ea. the day began with sunset. 
4. apud sé: at his home. 10. chiefly. 
5. hide. 11. duty. 
6. z.¢. in sacred places. | 12. disgraceful ; adj. agreeing 
7. boast. with the inf. assistere. 


; 
| 
j 
: 
: 
7 
1 
} 
j 


CAESAR, GALLIC WAR, BOOK VI 71 


Marriage and funeral customs. 

19. Viri, quantas peciinias ab uxoribus‘ dotis nomine 
accépérunt, tantas ex suis bonis aestimatidne facta cum 
dotibus comminicant.? Huius omnis peciniae coniiinc- 
tim ratid*® habétur friictiisque servantur‘* ; uter eorum vita® 
superavit, ad eum pars utriusque cum frictibus superi- 
Orum temporum pervenit. Viri in*ux6rés, sicuti in li- 
berGs, vitae necisque habent potestatem ; et cum pater 


_ familiae illistridre locd natus décessit,’ eius propinqui 


conveniunt et, dé morte si rés in suspiciOnem vénit, dé 


10 uxOribus in * servilem modum quaestidnem habent et, si 


compertum est, igni atque omnibus tormentis excrucia- 
tas interficiunt. Funera sunt pro® cultti Gallorum mag- 
nifica et sumptudsa; omniaque quae vivis” cordi fuisse 
arbitrantur in ignem inferunt, etiam animalia, ac paulo 


15supra’ hanc memoriam servi et clientés quds ab iis 


diléct6s esse constabat, iustis * finebribus confectis, ina 
cremabantur. 





dos, dotis, f., dowry (cf. do). 

aestimati6, aestimationis, f., ca/- 
culation, appraisal. 

conitinctim, jozz/ly. 

friictus, -tis, m., Aro/it. 

illiistris, -e, distinguished. 

quaestid, quaestidnis, f.; cf. 
quaero. 

excrucio, I, Zorture. 


fiinus, fiineris, n., funeral. 

magnificus, -a, -um; cf. magnus 
+ facio. 

simptuosus, -a, -um, expensive, 
costly. 

cor, cordis, n., heart. 

diligo, -ere, -léxi, -léctum = amd. 

fiinebris, -e, of a funeral; plu. 
as a subst., funeral rites. 





I. W2VES. 

2. unite. 

3. ratiO habétur: az account 
zs kept. , 

4. are saved. 

5. vita superavit: as sur- 
vived. vita is abl. of specifica- 
tion. 

6. over. 


7. = mortuus est. 

8. in servilem modum: ze. 
by torture. 

9. considering. 

10. Vivis . . . fuisse: were 
dear to them while living. 

II. supra . . . memoriam; 
before our day. 

12. regular. 


72 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


All state news is under control of officers. 


20. Quae’ civitatés commodius? suam rem publicam 
administrare existimantur habent* légibus sanctum, si 
quis quid dé ré publica a finitimis rim6dre ac fama‘ ac- 
céperit,’ uti ad magistratum déferat néve*® cum qué alid 

5 commiunicet, quod saepe hominés temerarids atque im- 
peritds falsis rimGribus terréri et ad facinus’ impelli et 
dé summis rébus consilium capere cognitum est. Magi- 
stratiis quae * visa sunt occultant, quae esse ex® isi itidi- 
cavérunt multitidini produnt.” Dé ré piblica nisi per 

10 concilium loqui non concéditur. 


Religion and customs of the Germans. 


21. Germani multum ab hac cdnsuétiidine ditfecttt 
Nam nequedruidés habent quirébus divinis praesint, neque 
sacrificiis student, Dedrum: numero eds sdlés diicunt™ 
quos cernunt et quorum aperté opibus ” iuvantur, S6lem 

1set Vulcanum et Liinam; reliquoés né fama quidem ac- 
cépérunt. Vita omnis in vénatidnibus atque in studiis 
-. rei militaris cOnsistit ; a parvis™® labdriac diritiae student. 


No private ownership of land, 


22. Agricultiirae non student, maiorque pars edrum 
victiis in lacte, cased, carne consistit. Neque quisquam 


falsus, -a, -um, /a/se. 
cernd, -ere, crévi, scliguior See, 
perceive. 


vénati6, vénationis, f., Aanting. 
diiritia, <ae, f.; cf. dirus. 
caseus, -i, m., cheese. 





I. quae civitatés = eae civi- 
tatés quae. 

2. better (than others). 

3- habent légibus sanctum 
uti: ave it enacted by law that. 

4. common report. 

5. has heard. 

6. and not, 


7. bold deed. 

8. quae visa sunt: 
seems good (to hide). 

9. ex isi: of advantage. 

10. publish. 

11. = putant. 

12. aid. 

13- = pueris,. 


what 


| | CAESAR, GALLIC WAR, BOOK VI ¥3 


_ agri modum ‘certum aut finés habet proprids; sed magi- 
: stratiis ac principés in annos singulos gentibus* cognati- 
Snibusque? hominum, quique* ina‘ coiérunt, quantum 
p .. et.qud loco visum est agri attribuunt atque annd post 
5 alid* transire* cdgunt. Eius rei multas afferunt causas :7 
né assidua consuétiidine capti studium belli gerendi agri- 
cultira® commitent;* né latds finés parare studeant 
potentidrés ° atque humilidrés) possessidnibus expellant ; 
né acciiratius quam ad frigora™ atque aestis vitandds 
10 aedificent ; né qua oriatur pectiniae cupiditas, qua ex ré 
factionés diss€nsidnésque nascuntur ; ut animi aequitate ” 
plébem contineant, cum suds quisque opés cum potentis- 
simis aequari * videat. 
‘Government. 


Relations with neighbors. Hospitality. 


23. Civitatibus maxima laus “ est quam latissimé cir- 
15 cum sé vastatis finibus * solitudinés habére. Hoc”™ pro- 
prium” virtitis existimant, expulsds agris finitimds cédere, 


accuraté = diligenter. 

aestus, -is, m., heat. 

aedifico, 1, each a building, build 
(houses. 

solitid6, sdlitidinis, f.; cf. sdlus. 


proprius, -a, -um = privatus. 

cOgnatis, coOgnatidnis, f.; cf. 
nascor. 

coed; cf. com + eo. 

assiduus, -a, -um, continued. 








1. clans; indir. obj. of attri- price. 
buunt. 9. exchange. 
2. cOgnatijnibus hominum: 10. Subject of studeant. 
groups of kinsmen. 11. cold. 
3. = eisque qui. _ ra. Cf. aequus. 
4. tinacoiérunt: Lave banded 13. are equalized. 
together. - 14. = gloria. 
5. Adverb. | 15. border lands. 
6. = excédere. 16. Subject of esse under- 





7. Explained by the subjunc- 
tive clauses which follow. 
8. for agriculture; abl. of 


stood, explained by the following 
infinitives. 
17. mark, 


74 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


neque quemquam prope sé audére consistere; simul hic? 
sé fore titidrés arbitrantur, repentinae incursidnis timore 
sublato. Cum bellum civitas aut illatum défendit aut in- 
fert, magistratus qui ei bello praesint et vitae necisque 
5 habeant potestatem déliguntur. In pace nillus est com- 
munis magistratus, sed principésregidnum atque pagorum 
inter suds ius dicunt contr6versiasque minuunt. Latrd- 
cinia ? nullam habent infamiam quae extra finés cuiusque 
civitatis fiunt, atque ea iuventiitis exercendae ® ac désidiae 
riominuendae causa fieri praedicant. Atque ubi quis ex 
principibus in concilid dixit sé ducem‘ fore, qui® sequi. 
velint profiteantur, cOnsurgunt ii qui et causam et homi- 
nem probant, suumque auxilium pollicentur, atque 4 
multitiidine collaudantur ;* qui’ ex his seciti non sunt 
15in désert6rum ac proditorum numer6 dicuntur, omnium- 
que® his rérum postea fidés dérogatur. Hospitem vio- 
lare fas,nOn putant; qui quacumque dé causa ad eds ve- 
nérunt ab initiria prohibent sanctdsque habent, hisque 
omnium domus patent victusque communicatur. 


The Germans compared with the Gauls. 


20 24. Ac fuit antea® tempus cum Germanods Galli virtiite 
superarent, ultrd” bella inferrent, propter hominum mul- 


incursi0, incursiOnis, f., attack. 
infamia, -ae, f., 2/7 repute. 
iuventiis, iuventitis, f., youth. 
désidia, -ae, f., /aziness. 
désertor, désertoris, m., deserter. 


proditor, proditiris, m., ¢raztor. 
dérogo, 1; cf. détraho. 

viold, 1, arm. 

sanctus, -a, -um, zzvzolable, sa- 
cred. 





1. Abl. of cause, explained by 
timOre sublato. 

2. raids. 

3. training. 

4. z.é. of some expedition. 

5. qui profiteantur: Jet them 
pers represents an imperative 


in direct discourse. 
6. are highly prazsed.. - 
7. qui ex his = ei ex his qui. 
8. omnium rérum fidés: con- 
fidence in all matters. 
g. Adv., before. 
10. offensively. 


; 
: 
3 
: 
L: 
; 
| 
i 
a 
; 


CAESAR, GALLIC WAR, BOOK VI 75 


titidinem agrique inopiam trans Rhénum colonias mit- 
terent. Itaque ea quae fertilissima Germaniae sunt 
loca, circum Hercyniam silvam, quam Eratostheni et 


quibusdam Graecis fama notam esse vided, quam illi 


Orcyniam appellant, Volcae Tectosagés occupaverunt 
atque ibi consédérunt; quae géns ad hoc tempus his 
sédibus sésé continet summamque' habet iustitiae et 
bellicae laudis opinidnem. Nunc,’ quod in eadem ino- 
pia, egestate, patientia qua* ante Germani permanent, 


1oeddem victii et culti* corporis ituntur, Gallis® autem 


provinciarum propinquitas® et transmarinarum rérum 
notitia multa’ ad copiam atque isis largitur,® paulatim 
assuéfacti® superari multisque victi proeliis né sé qui- 
dem ipsi cum illis® virtiite comparant. 


The Hercynian forest. 


25. Huius Hercyniae silvae, quae supra démOnstrata 
est, latitidd novem diérum iter" expeditd” patet; non 
enim aliter finiri® potest, neque ménsiras itinerum no- 
vérunt. Oritur ab Helvétidrum et Nemetum et Raura- 
corum finibus réctaque™ fluminis Danuvii regione pertinet 





colonia, -ae, f., colony.’ 
fertilis, -e, fruztful. 

bellicus, -a, -um, z/itary. 
egestas, egestatis, f., Joverty. 
patientia, -ae, f.; cf. patior. 


transmarinus, -a, -um; cf. mare. 

notitia, -ae, f., knowledge, famiil- 
zariy. 

réctus, -a, -um (perf. pass. part. 
of rego), straight. 





1. Modifies opinidnem. 
2. Contrasts antea in line 20, 
p. 74, and modifies comparant. 
3- qua ante: as before. 
clothing. 
Indir. obj. of largitur. 
Cf. propinquus. 
Acc. plur. multa : 
isis: lit. many things for abun- 


yee 


i 


dance and necessities. 
8. furnishes. 
9. Sc. Galli. 
10. 2.é. Germanis. 
11. Acc. of extent. 
12. loa fast traveler. 
13. measured. 
14. recta fliminis regiOne: zz 
a course parallel with the river. 


10 


76 


SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


<< 
ad finés Dacorum et Anartium; hinc sé flectit sinistrér- 
sus diversis' 4 flimine regidnibus multarumque gentium 
finés propter magnitidinem attingit; neque quisquam 
est huius? Germaniae qui sé aut adisse ad initium eius 
silvae dicat, cum* diérum iter Lx processerit, aut quo ex 
loc6d oriatur accéperit; multaque in ea genera ferarum 
nasci constat quae reliquis in locis visa non sint; ex qui- 
bus quae maximé differant a céteris et memoriae pro- 


denda‘ videantur haec® sunt. 


The reindeer. 


26. Est bos ® cervi figiira, cuius 4 media fronte inter 


aurés inum corni exsistit,’ excelsius magisque déréctum 
his quae nobis nota sunt cornibus; ab eius summ6 sicut 


palmae ramique® laté diffunduntur. 


Eadem est fé 


minae® marisque natura, eadem forma magnitiddque 


15 cornuum. 


27. Sunt item quae appellantur alcés. 


The elk. 


Harum est 


c6nsimilis capris figira et varietas pellium, sed magni- 


hinc, from this point. 

flectd, -ere, fléxi, fléxum, end, 
curve, turn. 

sinistrorsus ; cf. sinister + verto. 

fera, -ae, f., w7/d beast ; cf. ferus. 

bos, bovis, m., 0%. 

cervus, -1, m., stag. 

figiira, -ae, f., shafe. 

auris, auris, f., car. 

excelsus, -a, -um = altus. 


déréctus, -a, -um, s¢razght. 

palma, -ae, f., alm, hand. 

diffundd, -ere, -fidi, -fisum, 
spread. 

mas, maris, adj., wale. 

forma, -ae, f., shape. 

alcés, alcis, f., eck. 

capra, -ae, f., ske-goat. 

varietas, varietatis, f., difference, 
varted color. 





1. diversis . . . regidnibus: 
in a atrection leading from the 
river. 

2. of this (part). 

3. Concessive. 

4. ought to be handed down. 

5. the following. 


6. Here probably means rein- 
deer, but the description of this 
and of other animals is far from 
accurate. 

7. stands out: 

8. branches. 

9. of the female. 


CAESAR, GALLIC WAR, BOOK VI 77 
tidine paulo antecédunt’ mutilaeque sunt cornibus et 
crira? sine nddis articulisque habent, neque quiétis 
causa procumbunt neque, si quo afflictae casi conci- 
dérunt, érigere sésé ac sublevare*®* possunt. His sunt 


eee ey a a 





Reindeer (left) and European Elk 


5 arborés pro cubilibus; ad eds sé applicant atque ita” 
paulum modo reclinatae quiétem capiunt. Quarum ex 


mutilus, -a, -um, #zutzlated. upon, throw down. 
crus, criris, n., /eg. érigo, -ere, -réxi, -réctum, razse up. 
nodus, -i, m., kuot, joint. cubile, cubilis, n., couch. 





articulus, -i, m., joznt, knuckle. applico, 1, apply. With sé = dean. 
affligd, -ere, -flixi, -flictum, ress _reclind, 1, bend back. 





I. Surpass. credible statement. 
2. crira sine nddis: an in- 3- prop up. 





78 


SELECTIONS FROM .CAESAR AND NEPOS 


véstigiis cum est animadversum a vénatoribus quo sé 
recipere coOnsuérint, omnés* eo locé aut ab radicibus sub- 
ruunt aut accidunt arborés, tantum”? ut summa® speciés 
earum stantium relinquatur. Hic cum sé codnsuétiidine 
reclinavérunt, infirmas arborés pondere affligunt atque 
una ipsae concidunt. 
The wild ox. 
28. Tertium est genus edrum qui triappellantur. Hi. 


sunt magnitudine paulo infra elephantOs, specié et colore 
et figira tauri. Magna vis eorum est et magna vélocitas, 


1oneque homini neque ferae quam cOnspéxérunt parcunt.* 


15 


. et speciés multum 


Hos studidsé foveis captds interficiunt; hdc sé labore 
durant aduléscentés atque hoc genere vénationis exercent, 
et qui plirimés ex his interfécérunt, relatis in ptblicum 
cornibus quae sint testimdnio,> magnam ferunt laudem. 
Sed assuéscere ad hominés et mansuéfieri né parvuli 
quidem excepti possunt. Amplitiidd cornuum et figiira 
a nostrorum boum® cornibus differt. 
Haec studidsé conquisita’ ab labris* argent6 circum- 


cludunt atque in amplissimis epulis pr6 poculis tituntur. 


véstigium, -i, n., footprint. 
véenator, vénatoris, m., kuutsman. 
accidO, -ere, -cidi, -cisum, cut 


, nto; ct. ad + caeds. 


rus, -1, m., weld ox.. 

elephantus, -i, m., elephant. 
taurus, -i, m., d2//. 

véelocitas, vélocitatis, f. ; cf. vélox. 
studidsé ; cf. studium. 

fovea, -ae, f., Aztfall. 

duro, 1, arden. 


assuésco, -ere, -suévi, -suétum ; 
cf. cOnsuésco. 

mansuéfacio, -ere, -féci, -factum, 
tame. 

amplitids, amplitidinis, f.; cf. 
amplus. 

argentum, -i, n., sz/ver. 

circumclid6, -ere, -cltisi, -clisum, 
surround. 

epulae, -arum, f., danqguet. 

poculum, -i, n., cup. 





Modifies arborés. 
lo such a degree. 


perfect. 


Spare. 


ge es OF! 


as evidence. 

of oxen. 

collected. | 

ab labris: at the mouth. 


om ae 


OO ON a 








CAESAR, GALLIC WAR; BOOK VI 99 


RESUME OF CHAPTERS 29-34 


Finding that the Suebi have withdrawn to the interior, Caesar 
returns to Gaul and marches against Ambiorix and the Eburones to 
punish them for slaying Sabinus and Cotta. Ambiorix eludes him 
and disbands his army. Caesar leaves Quintus Cicero in command 
of the baggage at Aduatuca, and, dividing the remainder of his army 
into three parts, goes in search of Ambiorix. Caesar invites other 
tribes to share with him in the plundering of the Eburones. 


The Suganbri start out to obtain a share in plundering the Eburones, but 
© instead they attack the camp which Caesar has left in Cicero's command. 
35. Haec in omnibus Ebur6dnum partibus gerébantur, 
diésque appetébat’ septimus, quem ad diem Caesar ad 
impedimenta legidnemque reverti cOdnstituerat. Hic? 
quantum in bello fortiina possit et quantds afferat casiis 
cOgnosci potuit. Dissipatis ae perterritis hostibus, ut 
démonstravimus, manus erat nulla quae parvam modo 
causam timoris afferret. Trans Rhénum ad Germands 
pervenit fama * diripi® Eburdnés atque ultrd® omnés ad 
praedam évocari. Cogunt equitum duo milia Sugambri, 


1oqui sunt proximi Rhénd, 4 quibus receptds ex fuga 


Tencteros atque Usipetés supra docuimus. Transeunt 
Rhénum navibus ratibusque triginta milibus passuum 
infra eum locum ubi pons erat perfectus praesidiumque 
a Caesare relictum; primds Eburdnum finés adeunt; 


15 multos ex fuga dispersds excipiunt, magnd pecoris nu- 


mero, cuius sunt cupidissimi barbari, potiuntur. Invitati 
praeda longius prdcédunt. Non hos paliidés bells’ 
latrociniisque’ natds, non silvae morantur. Quibus in 





4 
 6vocd, 1; cf. voco. 
I. = appropinquabat. 5. plunder. 
2. just here. 6. moreover. i 
3- even. 7- Datives of purpose, modify- 
4. rumor. ing natos. 


80 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


locis sit Caesar ex captivis quaerunt; profectum ? longius 
reperiunt omnemque exercitum discessisse cOgndscunt. 
Atque wtnus-ex captivis, ‘Quid vos,’ inquit,? ‘hanc 
miseram ac tenuem®* sectamini praedam, quibus licet 

5 iam esse fortinatissimos? Tribus hodris Aduatucam 
venire potestis; hiic omnés suas fortiinas exercitus 
Romanorum contulit; praesidii tantum* est ut né mirus 
quidem cingi® possit neque quisquam égredi extra 
munitionés audeat.’ Hac oblata spé Germani quam 

ro nacti erant praedam in occult6 relinquunt; ipsi Aduatu- 
cam contendunt tsi eddem duce cuius haec indicid® 
cognoverant. 


Contrary to Caesar’s orders, Cicero sends a large number of men out of 
camp to forage. 

36. Cicerd, qui omnés superidrés diés praeceptis 
Caesaris summa diligentia milités in castris continuisset 
sac né calonem’ quidem quemquam extra miunitionem 
€gredi passus esset, septimo dié diffidéns* dé numero 
diérum Caesarem fidem servatirum, quod longius pro- 
gressum® audiébat neque illa dé reditii eius fama af- 
ferébatur, simul edrum permdtus vodcibus qui illius 
20patientiam paene obsessionem appellabant, si quidem 
ex castris €gredi n6dn licéret, nullum eiusmodi casum 
exspectans qud, novem oppositis ” legidnibus maximoque 


sector, 1, frequentative of sequor. obsessid, obsessidnis, f., blockade. 





fortiinatus, -a,-um; cf. fortiina. oppodnd, -ere, -posui, -positum ; 
reditus, -iis, m.; cf. red-ed. cf. pond. 
1. profectum (esse): sc. Cae- 6. informatie. 
sarem as subject. 7. camp servant. 
2. said he. 8. not feeling sure. 
3. mmsignificant. 9. progressum (esse): SC. 
4. so little. Caesarem as subject. 


5. = défendi. 10. sent against the enemy. 


ee a 


ae Ee ae, Oe ees ae Cae! ee a ee 


ae a ee 


ere ee ae 


CAESAR, GALLIC WAR, BOOK VI 81 


equitati, dispersis ac paene délétis* hostibus, in milibus 
passuum tribus offendi’ posset, quinque cohortés frimen- 
tatum in proximas segetés mittit, quas inter et castra 
iinus omnin6 collis intererat. Complirés erant in castris 
ex legidnibus aegri relicti; ex quibus qui h6dc spatio 
diérum convaluerant, circiter ccc, sub véxill6 tina mit- 
tuntur; magna praeterea multitudd calonum, magna 
vis* iumentorum,* quae in castris subséderat, facta 
potestate sequitur. 


The Germans assault the camp and a panic ensues. 


37. Hoc ipso tempore casti Germani equités interve- 
niunt protinusque® eddem illo quo vénerant cursii ab 
decumana porta in castra irrumpere® cOnantur, nec’ 
prius sunt visi, obiectis ab ea parte silvis, quam castris 
appropinquarent, usque*® ed ut qui sub vallo tenderent? 


15 mercatorés recipiendi sui facultatem non habérent. In- 


opinantés ® nostri ré nova perturbantur, ac vix primum 
impetum cohors in statidne sustinet. Circumfunduntur 
hostés ex reliquis partibus, si” quem aditum reperire 
possint. Aegré portas nostri tuentur, reliquds aditiis 


eae ee ee 


seges, segetis, f., grain, grain 
field. 

convalésco, -ere, -valui, ——, 
recover. 

subsid6, -ere, -sédi, -sessum, s¢ay 


behind, remain. 

intervenio, -ire, -véni, -ventum ; 
cf. venio. 

circumfund6, -ere, -fudi, -fisum, 
surround ; pass. gather around. 





1. destroyed. 

2. Offendi posset: Zarm could 
be done; subjunctive of result 
introduced by qué. 

3- = numerus. 
beasts of burden. 
at once. 
rush. 


oT 


SECOND YEAR LATIN —6 


7. nec prius quam: and not 
tll. 

8. usque e0 ut: so much so 
that. 

9. stretched (tents), had 
their booths. 3 

10. unprepared. 

11. fo see whether. 


82 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


locus ipse per sé minitidque défendit. Totis trepi- 
datur* castris, atque alius -ex alid causam tumultis 
quaerit; neque quo signa ferantur neque quam in par- 
tem quisque conveniat? provident. Alius castra iam 
5 capta pronintiat, alius délétd exercitti atque imperatore 
victorés barbards vénisse contendit;* plérique novas‘ 
sibi ex loco religidnés fingunt Cottaeque et Titiri ca- 
lamitatem, qui in eddem castello occiderint, ante oculés 
ponunt. Tali timore omnibus perterritis confirmatur 
1oOopinio barbaris,® ut ex captivo audierant, nillum esse 
intus praesidium. Perrumpere® nituntur séque ipsi ad- 
hortantur’ né tantam fortinam ex manibus dimittant. 


Publius Sextius Baculus again displays his bravery. 


38. Erat aeger in praesidio relictus P. Sextius Ba- 
culus, qui primum pilum apud Caesarem dixerat, cuius 
IsmentiOnem superioribus proeliis fécimus, ac diem iam 
quintum cibd caruerat. Hic diffisus suae atque omnium 
saliti inermis ex tabernacul6 prodit; videt imminére 
hostés atque in summ6 esse rem discrimine; capit arma 

a proximis atque in porta cOnsistit. Consequuntur hunc 
20centuriGnés eius cohortis quae in statidne erat; paulis- 


per ina proelium sustinent. 


talis, -e, such. 
mentid, mentidnis, f., mzentzon. 
cibus, -1, m., food. 


Relinquit * animus Sextium 


without. 
immined, -ére, ——, ——, Je 
close at hand. 





cared, -ére, carul, ——-, want, be  discrimen, discriminis, n., crzszs. 
1. there was a panic. 5. Dat. of reference modifying 
2. rally. confirmatur. 
3. znszsted. 6. Cf. irrumpere. 
4. novas.. . fingunt: make 7. Cf. hortor. 
up new superstitions from the 8. relinquit animus Sextium: 
locality. Sextius fainted. 








CAESAR, GALLIC WAR, BOOK VI 83 


gravibus acceptis vulneribus ; aegré per’ manis traditus 
servatur. Hoc spatid? interpositd reliqui sésé cénfir- 
mant tantum® ut in minitidnibus consistere audeant speci- 
emque défénsorum praebeant. 


The foragers return toward camp amidst much confusion. 


39. Interim codnfecta frimentatidne milités nostri 
clam6rem exaudiunt;* praecurrunt equités, quanto rés 
sit in periculo cOgndscunt. Hic vérd nulla munitio est 
quae perterritos recipiat; modo’* conscripti atque isis 
militaris imperiti ad tribinum militum centuridnésque 


1o6ra® convertunt; quid ab his praecipiatur’ exspectant. 


Ném6 est tam fortis quin rei novitate perturbétur. Bar- 
bari signa procul® cdnspicati oppugnatione désistunt ; 
redisse primo legidnés crédunt, quas longius discessisse 
€x Captivis cOgnoverant; postea déspecta paucitate ex 


15 1s omnibus partibus impetum EACtune: 


The foragers finally reach camp with some loss. 


40. Calonés in proximum tumulum procurrunt. Hinc 
celeriter déiecti sé in signa manipulodsque coniciunt; ed 
magis timidds perterrent milités. Alii cuneo facto ut 
celeriter perrumpant cénsent:*? Quoniam tam propinqua 


20sint castra, etsi pars aliqua circumventa ceciderit, at” 


frimentatis, frimentatidnis, f., to hurry ahead. 
Soraging. novitas, novitatis, f , zovelty. 
praecurr6, -ere, -cucurri, -cursum, cuneus, -i, m., “/Zying wedge.” 





I. permanis: from hand to 6. faces. 
hand. 7. was ordered. 
2. Sc. temporis. 8. from a distance. 
3. to such a degree. 9. expressed it as their opin- 
4. heard from a distance. zon. ! 
5. newly. 10. at any rate. 


84 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 
reliqu6s servari posse; alii’ ut in iugd consistant atque 
eundem omnés ferant casum. Hoc veterés non probant 
milités, quos sub véxill6.tina profectds docuimus. 
que inter sé cohortati, duce C. Trebonid, equite Ro6mané, 
5 qui iis erat praepositus, per medids hostés perrumpunt 
incolumésque ad tinum omnés in castra perveniunt. 
Hos subseciti calonés equitésque eddem impeti militum 
virtiite servantur. At ii qui in iugod constiterant, nilld 


etiam nunc isi rei militaris percepto,’ neque in ed quod | 


1oprobaverant consilid permanére,’ ut sé locd superidre 
défenderent, neque eam * quam profuisse aliis vim celeri- 
tatemque viderant imitari potuérunt, sed sé in castra reci- 
pere conati iniquum in locum démisérunt. Centuridnés, 
quorum nonnilli ex inferiGribus drdinibus reliquarum le- 
1s gionum virtiitis causa in superidrés erant drdinés huius 
legidnis traducti, né ante partam® rei militaris laudem 
amitterent, fortissimé pugnantés concidérunt. Militum 


pars, horum virtiite subm6tis hostibus, praeter spem in- 


columis in castra pervénit, pars a barbaris circumventa 
20 periit.® 


The Germans depart, but the Romans are leftin great fear, which ts 
allayed by Caesar's arrival, 


41. Germani déspérata expugnatione castrérum, quod 
nostrés iam cOnstitisse in minitionibus vidébant, cum ea 


Sa eee 


percipid, -ere, -cépi, -ceptum, 0/- 
tain, gain. 

prosum, prodesse, profui, 
be advantageous. 


, to 





imitor, 1, copy, represent, tmt- 
tate. 

expugnatio, expugnationis, f.; cf. 
expugno. | 





1. Sc. cénsent. 

2. having gained. 

3. Complementary inf. to po- 
tueérunt. 


4. Modifies vim celeritatem- 
que. 

5. acquired. 

6. perished. 





Ita- 





CAESAR GALLIC WAR, BOOK VI 85 


praeda quam in silvis déposuerant trans Rhénum sésé 
recépérunt. Ac tantus fuit etiam post discessum ho- 
stium terror ut ea nocte, cum C. Volusénus missus cum 
equitatii in castra vénisset, fidem * non faceret adesse cum 
5 incolumi Caesarem exercitii. Sic omnium animés timor 
occupaverat ut, paene aliénata mente, délétis omnibus 
cdpiis equitatum sé ex fuga recépisse dicerent neque” 
incolumi exercitti German6s castra oppugnatirés fuisse 
contenderent. Quem timdrem Caesaris adventus sus- 
10 tulit. 


RESUME OF CHAPTERS 42-44 


Caesar inflicts punishment on other revolting tribes, distributes 
his forces, and returns to Italy for the-winter. 


aliéno, 1, make strange; part. frenzied. 





1. fidem non faceret: could man) army safe the Germans 
not make them believe. would not have attacked the 
2. neque .. . contenderent: camp. 
and they held that with the (Ro- 


LIBER SEPTIMUS 


RESUME OF CHAPTERS 1-67 


While Caesar is in Italy, the Carnutes and Arverni begin a revolt 
under Vercingetorix, who storms a city of the Boii called Gorgobina. 
Caesar returns from Italy with help. On the way he takes several 
towns and proceeds to Avaricum, a town which the Gauls have not 
burned because they think it impregnable to Caesar’s attack. But 
the town is finally taken after a defense has been maintained for 
twenty-five days and 40,000 men, women, and children have been 
slain. Caesar thinks that this victory will destroy the compact 
against him that exists among the Gallic tribes, and so divides his 
army. But more states join Vercingetorix. Caesar himself goes to 
Gergovia, engages the Gauls, and suffers a heavy loss. The Haeduans 
immediately revolt and sack Noviodunum, one of their own towns, in 
which Caesar has placed provisions and hostages. Caesar neverthe- 
less marches northward through the Haeduan territory to the Senones, 
and is joined by Labienus, who has just won a great victory at 
Lutetia. 

Upon the revolt of the Haeduans, defection spreads to nearly all 
the Gallic tribes. A council of all Gaul is called, and Vercingetorix 
is named commander in chief. Caesar meanwhile sends to the 
Germans for cavalry, and starts out to defend the Province, which © 
Vercingetorix has threatened. During this march, the Gauls make 
an attack on the Romans, but are defeated and pursued by the 
Romans to Alesia. 


Vercingetorix retires to Alesia. Caesar pursues him and begins to 
build a wall, 

68. Fugatd omni equitatti: Vercingetorix copias suas, 
ut pro castris collocaverat, redixit protinusque Alesiam, 
quod est oppidum Mandubiorum, iter facere coepit cele- 
riterque impedimenta ex castris édiici et sé subsequi ius- 
sit. Caesar, impedimentis in proximum collem ductis, 
duabus legidnibus praesidio relictis, secitus host€s quan- 

86 





pee 








ee a ed Oe ee ee 


PPT TS TNE See Ne ee ee ee, een a 


CAESAR, GALLIC WAR, BOOK VII 87 


tum diéi tempus est passum, circiter tribus milibus ex 
novissim6 agmine interfectis, altero dié ad Alesiam 
castra fécit. Perspecto urbis siti perterritisque ho- 
stibus, quod equitati,’ qua maximé parte exercitiis’ con- 
fidébant, erant pulsi, adhortatus* ad laborem milités 
Alesiam circumvallare instituit. | 


The situation of Alesia. 


69. Positum erat oppidum in colle summé admodum 4 
Editd locd, ut nisi obsididne expugnari non posse vidé- 
rétur; cuius collis radicés® duo duabus ex partibus 


1oflimina subluébant. Ante oppidum planitiés circiter 


milia passuum tria in longititidinem patébat; reliquis ex 
omnibus partibus collés mediocri interiect6® spatid pari’ 
altitidinis fastigid oppidum cingébant. Sub muro quae 
pars collis ad orientem sdlem spectabat, hunc omnem 


15 locum cdpiae Gallodrum compléverant fossamque et ma- 


ceriam in altitidinem sex pedum praediixerant. LEius 
minitidnis quae ab ROmanis instituébatur circuitus x 


_milia passuum tenébat. Castra opportiinis locis erant 


posita vim castellaque xxi facta; quibus in castellis 


zointerdii statidnés pdonébantur, né qua subitd éruptis 


fieret; haec eadem nocti excubitoribus ac firmis prae- 
sidiis tenébantur. 





situs, -iis, m., /ocation. fastigium, -i, n., elevation. 
circumvalld, 1; cf. circum + vall6 miaceria, -ae, f., wa//. 
(vallum). praeduco; cf. duco. 
sublu6, -ere, ——-, ——, wash. - excubitor, excubitOris, m., sextznel. 
1. in skirmishes with ther 5. Accusative. 
cavalry. 6. Cf. inter + iacio. 
2. z.¢. of the Gauls. 7. pari altitidinis fastigio: 
3. Cf. hortor. with tops of equal height, 


4. very. — 8. embraced. 


88 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS-. 


The Gauls are beaten in a cavalry battle. 


70. Opere instituto fit equestre proelium in ea planitié 
quam intermissam* collibus tria milia passuum in longi- 
tudinem patére supra démOdnstravimus. Summa vi ab 
utrisque contenditur. Labdrantibus nostris Caesar Ger- 

5 mands submittit legidnésque pro castris cdnstituit, né 
qua subit6 irruptid ab hostium peditati fiat. Praesidid 
legidnum additd nostris animus augétur; hostés in 
fugam coniecti sé ipsi multittidine impediunt atque an- 
gustidribus” portis relictis coartantur. Germani Acrius 

10 usque ad minitiGnés persequuntur. Fit magna caedés; 
nonnilli relictis equis fossam transire et maceriam tran- 
scendere conantur. Paulum legidnés Caesar quas pro 
vallo cOnstituerat proOmovéri iubet. Non* minus qui 
intra munitionés erant Galli perturbantur; veniri ad sé 

15 cOnfestim existimantés ad arma conclamant; nonnilli 
perterriti in oppidum irrumpunt. Vercingetorix iubet 
portas‘* claudi, né castra nidentur. Multis interfectis, 
compliribus equis captis, Germani sésé recipiunt. 

Vercingetorix sends his cavalry home to make a general levy. 

71. Vercingetorix, priusquam minitidnés ab Romanis 

20 perficiantur, consilium capit omnem ab sé equitatum. 
nocti dimittere. Discédentibus mandat ut suam quis- 
que edrum civitatem adeat omnésque qui per aetatem 


arma ferre possint ad bellum cogant. Sua in illds merita 
proponit obtestaturque ut suae’ saliitis rationem habeant 


irruptid, irruptidnis, f., 2 dreak- coartd, 1, crowd together. 





ing in, attack. obtestor, 1, extreat. 
1. broken. 3. non minus: 7.¢. than the 
2. angustidribus . . . relictis: cavalry. 


because the gates had been left 4. inner gates. 
(made) too narrow. 5. Refers to Vercingetorix. 
































































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90 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


neu‘ sé? optimé dé commini libertate meritum hostibus 
in cruciatum dédant. Quod si indiligentidrés fuerint, 
milia hominum délécta Lxxx ina sécum interitira dé- 
monstrat. Ratidne* inita frimentum sé exigué* diérum 
5 xxx habére sed paulo etiam longius tolerari® posse par- 
cendé.6 His datis mandatis, qua erat nostrum opus’ 
intermissum, secunda vigilia silentis equitatum dimittit. 
Frumentum omne ad sé referri iubet; capitis poenam iis 
qui non paruerint® constituit; pecus, cuius magna erat 
10cOpia 4 Mandubiis compulsa, viritim distribuit; framen- 
tum parcé et paulatim métiri instituit; copias omnés 
quas pro oppid6 collocaverat in oppidum recipit. His 
ratiOnibus auxilia Galliae exspectare et bellum admini- 


strare parat. 
Caesar’s circumvallation. 


15 72. Quibus rébus codgnitis ex perfugis et captivis, 
Caesar haec genera minitidnis instituit. Fossam pedum 
xx déréctis® lateribus dixit, ut eius fossae solum”™ tan- 
tundem patéret quantum summa labra™ distarent; reli- 
quas omnés minitidnés ab ea fossa pedibus cccc redixit 

20 hdc consilis, quoniam tantum spatium necessarid esset 
complexus nec facile totum opus corona militum cingeré- 
tur, né dé improviso aut noctt ad minitidnés multitido. 








silentium, -i, n., sz/ence. tantundem, just so far. 
viritim, zxdividually ; cf. vir. distd, -are, ——, , be apart. 
parcé, sparingly. corona, -ae, f., crown, ring, line. 
1. and not. 7. fortéfication. 
2. sé...meritum: im who 8. did obey. 
had done his best for, etc. 9. perpendicular. 
3. ratiOne inita: dy actual 10. bottom. 
calculation. 11. edges. 
4. barely. 12. hdc consilid: explained by 
5. be endured; impersonal. né... advolaret aut . . . pos- 


6. by being saving. sent, 


—S ss ee ee 


CAESAR, GALLIC WAR, BOOK VII QI 


hostium advolaret,! aut interdii téla in nostrds operi désti- 
natds* conicere possent. H6c intermisso spatio duas fos- 
sas xv pedés latas eadem altitiidine perdtxit ; quarum in- 
teridrem * campestribus ac démissis* locis aqua ex flimine 
dérivata complévit. Post eas aggerem ac vallum x1 
pedum exstrixit ; huic loricam * pinnasque adiécit, grandi- 












































Pinna 
> 
| : 
Lorica 
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The Defenses on Caesar’s Rampart before Alesia 


bus cervis § €minentibus ad.commissiras plutedrum atque 
aggeris qui ascénsum hostium tardarent,’ et turrés toto 


- opere circumdedit quae pedés Lxxx inter sé distarent. 





campester, -ris, -re, /Za?. commissiira, -ae, f., @ joining, 
dérivo, 1; cf. dédiico. junction. 
émined, -ére, -minul,——,, Araject. pluteus, -1, m., shed, defense. 
1. hastened. 5. loricam pinnasque: dreast- 
2. detailed. works and bulwarks. 
3. Sc. fossam. 6. branched tree trunks. 
4. 


low. 7. check. 


Q2 


Io 


SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


Caesar's defenses. 


73. Erat eodem tempore et materiari et frimentari et 
tantas minitioOnés fierl necesse déminutis nostris cdpiis, 
quae longius 4 castris progrediébantur ; ac nOnnumquam * 
opera nostra Galli temptare atque éruptiOnem ex oppid6 
pliribus portis summa vi facere conabantur. Quaré ad 
haec rursus opera addendum’ Caesar putavit, quo mi- 
nore numero militum munitidnés défendi possent. _ Ita- 
que truncis arborum aut.admodum firmis ramis abscisis 
atque horum délibratis ac praedciitis cactiminibus per- 

a 


proabtemetig Cervi 


Boe shes = Cip bi “ye 
#? agger 3” 1s 15! = SE SEBS EE re po ot alt een ae Sx Stimuli 
ena esos s. te FA 2 # eiz Seepes Beamer é me SY A ey av, WY we Sel REPS 
S24 8 / eo a ee 


ab Pinnae. bcLorica of Plutei. 
Outline of Caesar’s Works before Alesia 


petuae* fossae quinds pedés altae dicébantur. Hic illi 
stipités démissi et ab * infim6 revincti, né revelli® possent, 
ab® ramis €minébant.’ Quini erant Ordinés, conitincti 
inter sé atque implicati; quo qui intraverant® sé® ipsi 
acutissimis vallis induébant. H6s cippos appellabant. 





materior, 1, cut ¢tzmber. revincio, -ire, -vinxi, -vinctum, 
truncus, -1, m., ¢runk. ! fasten. 
abscidd, -ere, -cidi, -cisum, cvf implicd, 1, zwterweave. 
down. aciitus, -a, -um, sharp. 
délibro, 1, deel. vallus, -i, m., stake. 
cacumen, caciiminis, n., Zop. cippus, -i, m., pointed pillar, 
stipes, stipitis, m., /og. tombstone. 
1. at times. 6. with. 
2. addition should be made. 7. projected. 
3. continuous. ? 8. entered. 
4. abinfimd: at the bottom. 9. se induébant: were im- 
5. betornaway. paled. : 


CAESAR, GALLIC WAR, BOOK VII 


93 


Ante hés obliquis 6rdinibus in* quincuncem dispositis 
scrobés in altittidinem trium pedum fodiébantur pau- 


latim angustidre ad infimum fastigio.’ 
crassitidine * 
praeusti démittébantur ita ut non amplius digitis ° 


pités feminis * 


tuor ex terra éminérent ; 
causa singuli® ab infimo 


Hic teretés sti- 
ab summo_ praeaciiti et 
quat- 


simul confirmandi et stabiliendi 
solo pedés terra exculcabantur, 








Io 


ee ee eS Se ee ee TLC eee 





D eee ol 
2s Ca 
WRN VAT Nt 
mr 
BORAX GX. 








Conjectural Appearance of Caesar's Works before Alesia 


For greater clearness, only a few rows of cippi and of lilia are shown. 


reliqua pars scrobis ad occultandas insidias viminibus 


ac virgultis integébatur. 


obliquus, -a, -um, /vansverse. 

quincunx, quincuncis, m., 
note on this word. 

scrobis, scrobis, m. and f., Az. 

fodid, -ere, fodi, fossum, dg. 

teres, teretis, sooth. 

stabilid, 4, fasten. 


see 


Huius generis octoni ordinés 
ducti ternds inter sé pedés distabant. 


Id ex similitidine 


exculcd, 1, stamp down. 

intego, -ere, -téxi, -téctum, cover 
over. 

octoni, -ae, -a, ezght each, eight. 

terni, -ae, -a, three each. 

similitid6, similitidinis, f., 7e- 
semblance. 





I. in quincuncem: 2Z.¢. 
ranged thus ;-° 
2. slope. 


3. thigh. 


ar- 


4. thickness. 

5. finger (breadths), inches. 

6. singuli pedés: a@ foot of 
cach stake. 


94 SELECTIONS. FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


fidris lilium appellabant. Ante haec taleae' pedem 
longae ferreis hamis infixis totae in terram infodiébantur 
mediocribusque intermissis spatiis omnibus locis disseré- 
bantur; quds stimulds ndminabant. 


Caesar builds similar defenses against the enemy outside. 


5 74. His rébus perfectis, regidnés sectitus*? quam po- 
tuit aequissimas pro loci natiira, x11 milia passuum 
complexus parés eiusdem generis miunitidnés, diversas * 
ab his, contra exterisdrem hostem perfécit, ut né magna 
quidem multitudine mUunitisnum praesidia circumfisa * 

-loperrumpi’” possent; né autem cum periculd ex castris 
égredi. cogatur, diérum xxx pabulum® frimentumque 
habére omnés convectum iubet. 


An enormous army ts levied by the Gauls. 


75. Dum haec ad Alesiam geruntur, Galli concilid 
principum indicto’ n6n omnés qui arma ferre possent, ut 
15 censuit*® Vercingetorix, convocandOs statuunt, sed certum 


numerum cuique civitati imperandum, né tanta multitu- 
dine confiisa nec moderari nec discernere suds®* nec fru- 


flés, floris, m., flower. exterus, -a, -um, ovfszde. 


lilium, -i, n., /Zy. 

hamus, -i, m., Zook. 

infig6, -ere, -fixi, -fixum, fasten 
On. 

infodid ; cf. fodis. 

disser6, -ere, ——, ——, Plant at 
intervals. 

stimulus, -i, m., goad. 


convehd, -ere, -vexi, -vectum, co/- 
lect. 

confund6, -ere, -fidi, -fisum, c07- 
bine. 

moderor, 1, check, control, keep 
within bounds. 

discern6, -ere, -crévi, -crétum, s¢p- 
arate, distinguish. 





1. stakes. 
2. keeping to. 


3. facing opposite, t.e. toward 


the enemy outside. 
4. surrounded. 


broken through. 

forage. 

appointed. 

proposed. | 

Object of both infinitives. 


wow an 


CAESAR, GALLIC WAR, BOOK VII 95 


mentandi rationem habére possent. Imperant Haeduis 
atque eorum clientibus, Segusiavis, Ambarris, Aulercis 
Brannovicibus, milia xxxv; parem numerum Arvernis, 
aditinctis’ Helviis, Cadurcis, Gabalis, Vellaviis, qui sub 
5 imperio Arverndrum esse cOnsuérunt; Séquanis, Seno- 
nibus, Biturigibus, Santonis, Ruténis, Carnutibus duo- 
déna? milia; Bellovacis x; totidem Lemovicibus; oc- 
tona Pictonibus et Turonis et Parisiis et Helvétiis; séna 
Andibus, Ambianis, Mediomatricis, Petrocoriis, Nerviis, 
10 Morinis, Nitiobrogibus; v milia Aulercis Cénomanis ; 
totidem Atrebatibus ; 111 Veliocassis ; Esuviis et Aulercis 
Eburovicibus 11; Rauracis et Boiis bina; x dniversis 
civitatibus quae Oceanum attingunt quaeque edrum con- 
suétidine Aremoricae appellantur, quo sunt in numerd 
15 Coriosolités, Redonés, Ambibarii, Caletés, Osismi, Ve- 
neti, Lexovii, Venelli. Ex his Bellovaci suum numerum 
non contulérunt, quod sé su6 ndmine atque arbitrid* cum 
Romanis bellum gestirds dicerent neque cuiusquam 
imperio obtemperatirés ;4 rogati tamen ab Commio pro® 
20 eius hospitid duo milia misérunt. : 
The Gauls, confident of success, start for Alesia. The command ts divided 
among four men. 
76. Huius opera Commii, ut antea démonstravimus, 
fidéli atque aitili superidribus annis erat Usus in Britannia 
_ Caesar; pro quibus meritis civitatem eius immitinem esse 
iusserat, itira légésque reddiderat atque ipsi Morinds 
2c attribuerat. Tanta tamen tniversae Galliae cOnsénsio - 





bini, -ae, -a, fwo cach. taxes). 
itilis, -e, useful. . cOnsénsid, cOnsénsidnis, f.; cf. 
imminis, -e, exempt (from consentio. 

1. allied with. 3. discretion. 

2. duodéna milia : twelve thou- 4. would obey. 


sand each. 5. in consideration of. 


96 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


fuit libertatis vindicandae et pristinae belli laudis re- 
cuperandae,' ut neque beneficiis neque amicitiae me- 
moria movérétur,” omnésque et animo et opibus in id 
bellum incumberent. Coactis equitum milibus vu et 

5 peditum circiter ccL, haec in Haeduorum finibus recén- 
s€bantur, numerusque inibatur,*® praefecti cdnstitué- 
bantur: Commid Atrebati, Viridomaré et Eporédorigi 
Haeduis, Vercassivellauné Arverno, cOnsobrind Vercin- 
getorigis, summa imperii traditur. His délécti* ex cli- 

1oVvitatibus attribuuntur quorum cOnsilid bellum admini- 
strarétur. Omnés alacrés et fidiiciae pléni ad Alesiam 
proficiscuntur, neque erat omnium quisquam qui aspec- 
tum® modo tantae multitiidinis sustinéri posse arbitraré- 
tur, praesertim ancipiti® proelio, cum ex oppido érup- 

15 tine pugnarétur, foris tantae copiae equitatis peditatis- 
que cernerentur. 


Extraordinary measures are proposed by Critognatus. 


77. Atii qui Alesiae obsidébantur, praeterita’ dié qua 
auxilia sudrum exspectaverant, cOnsimpto omni fri- 
mento, inscii quid in Haeduis gererétur, concilid coact6 

20dé exitii suarum fortunarum consultabant. Ac variis 
dictis sententiis, quarum pars déditidnem, pars, dum 
virés suppeterent,® éruptidnem cénsébat,’ ndn praeter- 





vindico, 1, clazm. cOnsobrinus, -i, m., cousin. 
incumbo, -ere, -cubui, -cubitum, fidiicia, -ae, f., conjidence. 
apply one’s self. foris, adv., outside. 
recénseod, -ére, -cénsui, -cénsum,  inscius, -a, -um; cf. scid. 
count over. consultd, 1, zake counsel. 
I. recovering. 6. The following clauses ex- 
2. Sc. Gallia as subject. plain why. 
3. was recorded. 7. Cf. praeter + e6. 
4. representatives. | 8. held out. 
5. sight. 9. considered. 


eae as ee ee 





Se 


CAESAR, GALLIC WAR, BOOK VII 97 


eunda vidétur dratio Critognati propter eius singularem 
et nefariam cridélitatem. Hic summod in Arvernis 
ortus locd et magnae habitus auctoritatis, ‘ Nihil,’ inquit, 
‘dé edrum sententia dicttirus sum qui turpissimam servi- 
5 tutem déditidnis n6dmine appellant, neque hos habendods 
civium loco neque ad concilium adhibendds cénsed. 
Cum’ his mihi rés est qui Gruptionem probant; quorum 
in consilis omnium vestrum cénsénsii ” pristinae residére 
virtitis memoria vidétur. Animi est ista mollitia, non 
10 Virtiis, paulisper inopiam ferre non posse. Qui sé ultrd 
morti offerant* facilius reperiuntur quam qui dolérem 
patienter ferant. Atque ego hanc‘* sententiam pro- 
barem (tantum® apud mé dignitas potest), si nillam 
praeterquam vitae nostrae iactiiram® fier! vidérem; sed 
15in consilis capiendd omnem Galliam respiciamus, quam 
ad nostrum auxilium concitavimus.’ Quid hominum 
milibus* Lxxx tno loco interfectis propinquis® c6n- 
sanguineisque* nostris animi’ fore existimatis, si paene 
in ipsis cadaveribus proelio décertare cogentur? NGlite 
20hds vestr6 auxilid exspoliare, qui vestrae salitis causa 
suum periculum negléxérunt, nec stultitia ac temeritate 





nefarius, -a, -um, z77z0us. 

civis, civis, m. and f., cztzzen. 

resided, -€re, -seédi, —; cf. ma- 
neo. 

iste, ista, istud, demonstrative 
pron., that of yours. 

mollitia, -ae, f., z~resolution. 


patienter, Zatzently. 

praeterquam, prep., except. 

vester, vestra, vestrum, your 
(plu.). 

exspoli6, 1, 70d. 

stultitia, -ae, f., folly, foolish- 
nNeSS. 





I. cum .. . est: my con- 
cern lies with these. 

2. Cf. cénsentid. 

3. Cf. ferd. 

4. hanc sententiam: ze. of 
making a sally. 


5. tantum potest : 


SECOND YEAR LATIN — 7 


such weight has honor with me. 
6. loss. 
7. Cf. incitd. 
8. Abl. abs. 
9. Datives of possession with 
fore. 
10. Partitive gen. with quid. 


98 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


vestra aut animi imbécillitate omnem Galliam prostcr- 
nere! et perpetuae servititi subicere.! An, quod ad 
diem non vénérunt, dé edrum fidé constantiaque’? dubi- 
tatis? Quid ergo? R6dmands inillis ulteridribus mini- 

5 tidnibus animine® causa cotidié exercéri* putatis? 
Si ill6rum*® nintiis cénfirmari n6dn potestis, omni aditii 
praesaepto, his® itimini testibus appropinquare 
eorum’ adventum; cuius rei timdre exterriti diem 
noctemque in opere versantur. Quid ergo mei consilii 

roest? Facere*® quod nostri maidrés néquaquam pari® 
bells Cimbrorum Teutonumque fécérunt; qui in oppida 
compulsi ac simili inopia subacti eOrum corporibus” qui 
aetate ad bellum iniutilés vidébantur vitam toleravé- 
runt" neque sé hostibus tradidérunt. Cuius rei si 

15 exemplum non habérémus, tamen libertatis causa institui 
et posteris prodi” pulcherrimum * itidicdrem. Nam 
quid “ illi simile bell6 fuit? Dépopulata Gallia Cimbri 
magnaque illata calamitate finibus quidem nostris ali- 
quando excessérunt atque alias terras petiérunt; lira, 
imbécillitas, imbécillitatis, f., 
Weakness. 


exterred, 2; cf. per-terred. 
meus, -a, -um, 7y. 


prostern6, -ere, -stravi, -stratum, 
ruin. 

ergo, therefore, then. 

praesaepio, 
tum, d/ock. 


-ire, -saepsi, -saep- 


néquaquam, by 20 means. 

subig6, -ere, -€gi, -actum, subdue. 

pulcher, pulchra, ber ab: beau- 
tiful, noble. 

aliquand6, finally. 





1. Sc. nolite. 

2. steadfastness. 

3. animi+ne, the interrog. 
particle. animi causa: for the 
_ sake of amusement. 
are kept tn motion. 

z.é. the Gauls outside. 
7.¢. the Romans. 

z.é. the Gauls. 

(ct 2s my plan) to do. 


* 


I AH 


9. z.é. to the present war. 
_to. Abl. of means with tolera- 
vérunt. 
11. sustained. 
12. Cf. do. 
13. Agrees with institul and 
prodi. 
14. quid. . . fuit: what sim- 
larity had that war (to this 
one)? | 





‘ 
{ 
’ 
‘ 
: 


CAESAR, GALLIC WAR, BOOK VII 99 


légés, agros, libertatem nobis reliquérunt. Romani vér6 
quid petunt aliud aut quid volunt, nisi invidia adducti, 
quos' fama nobilés potentésque belld cognovérunt, 
horum in agris civitatibusque cdnsidere atque his aeter- 
5 nam iniungere servititem? Neque enim umquam alia 
condicidne bella gessérunt. Quod si ea quae in longin- 
quis natidnibus geruntur ignGratis,? respicite finitimam 
Galliam, quae in provinciam redacta, itire et légibus 
commitatis,? seciiribus subiecta perpetua premitur 
10 servitite.’ 


Caesar refuses to allow noncombatants to leave Alesia. 

78. Sententiis dictis constituunt ut ii qui valétiidine 4 
aut aetate inutilés sint bell6 oppid6d excédant, atque 
omnia prius experienda arbitrantur quam ad Critognati 
sententiam déscendant; ill6* tamen potius ttendum 

15 cOnsilid, si rés cOgat atque auxilia morentur, quam aut 
déditidnis aut pacis subeundam condici6dnem. Mandubii, 
qui eds oppido recéperant, cum liberis atque uxdribus 
exire cOguntur. Hi, cum ad minitionés ROmanorum 

-accessissent, flentés omnibus precibus 6rabant ut sé in 

20 Servitiitem receptis cib6 iuvarent. At Caesar dispositis 

in vall6 custddiis * recipi prohibébat. 


The Gallic troops arrive and encamp near the town. 


79. Interea Commius reliquique ducés quibus summa 
imperii permissa erat cum omnibus codpiis ad Alesiam 





invidia, -ae, f., envy. cf. impon6. 
aeternus, -a, -um, everlasting. seciiris, seciiris, f.,a@17; symbol of 
iniungo, -ere, -itinxi, -iinctum ; Roman authority.: 
1.. The antecedent is hirum. 5. illd... consilid, quam: dut 
2. Cf. ndscd. that plan must be used rather 
3. changed. than. 
4. wl health. . 6. guards. 


100 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


perveniunt et colle éditidre! occupats 
non longius mille passibus 4 no- 
_ Stris munitidnibus cdnsidunt. 
\ Posteré dié equitatii ex castris 

E€duct6 omnem eam pila- 
nitiem quam in longiti- 
dinem milia passuum 
tria patére démonstravi- 
mus complent pedestrés- 
que copias paulum ab 
ed loco abductas in locis 
superioribus —_ constituunt. 
Erat ex oppidd Alesia dé- 
spectus? in campum. Concur- 
runt® his auxiliis visis; fit gra- 
tulatid * inter eds, atque omnium 
animi ad laetitiam® excitantur. 
Itaque productis copiis ante oppi- 
dum consistunt et proximam fos- 
sam * cratibus’ integunt atque 
aggere® explent séque ad 
éruptionem atque omnés 
casus comparant. 










Io 


15 


The Gallic cavalry suffers defeat. 

80. Caesar, omni exercitii ® 

2,ad utramque partem miunitidnum disposit6, ut, si isus 
veniat, suum quisque locum teneat et nodverit, equitatum 
ex castris édiici et proelium committi iubet. Erat ex 


Sagittarius 





1. higher. 6. ze. the twenty-foot ditch 
2. Cf. déspicis. nearest Alesia. 

3.:2.é. the Gauls in the town. 7. wickerwork. 

4. expressions of Joy. | 8. earth. | 

5+ Jy g. 2.¢. the infantry. 


ea 


? 

ight 3! » id 
e ) 
> 


) ) ) > 
> > 


m > 
; 2 > ) 


) 
3 


CAESAR, GALLIC WAR, BOOK. VIE, $list yn, 


omnibus castris quae summum nana iugum den aant 
déspectus, atque omnés milités intenti pugnae prodven- 
tum! exspectabant. Galli inter equités rarés sagittarids 
expeditosque levis armattrae interiécerant qui suis 
5 cédentibus auxiliO succurrerent et nostr6drum equitum 
impetiis sustinérent. Ab his complirés dé improviso 
vulnerati proelid excédébant. Cum suds pugna superi- 
{ orés esse Galli” confiderent et nostrds multitudine premi 
vidérent, ex omnibus partibus et ii qui miunitidnibus. 
- tocontinébantur et ii qui ad auxilium convénerant clamGre 
et ululati * sudrum animés confirmabant. Quod in cén- 
spectu omnium rés gerébatur neque* aut récté aut 
: turpiter factum célari poterat, utrosque et laudis cupidi- 
tas et timor igndminiae ad virtiitem excitabat. Cum a 
_ 1§meridié prope ad sdlis occasum dubia victoria pugnaré- 
tur,” Germani tina in parte cdnfertis turmis in hostés 
. -impetum fécérunt edsque prdpulérunt; quibus in fugam 
coniectis sagittarii circumventi interfectique sunt. Item 
ex reliquis partibus nostri cédentés* usque ad castra 
20insecuti sui colligendi facultatem non dedérunt. At ii 
qui Alesia prdcesserant, maesti, prope victoria déspérata, 
sé in oppidum recépérunt. | 


) 
) ) 








The Gauls make a night attack. 
81. Und dié intermisso atque hdc spatid magnd 
cratium,’ scalarum,® harpagonum numerd effectd Galli, 


ES OP eS ee 





rarus, -a, -um, wde apart. turma, -ae, f., sguadron. 
récté, adv., well. maestus, -a, -um, sad. 
igndminia, -ae, f., disgrace. harpago, harpagonis, m., ook. 
I. = éventum. escape notice. 
2. 2.é. the onlookers. 5. had been raging. 
a, ) | ae 6. Accusative. 
4. neque . . . poterat: xo 7. hurdles. 


brave or cowardly deed could 8. ladders. 





‘ * ¢f 


102,. .SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 
media nocte silentid ex castris égressi ad campestrés ! 
munitionés accédunt. Subitd clamdre sublatd, qua 
significatidne qui in oppid6 obsidébantur dé sud adventii 
cognoscere possent, cratés proicere, fundis,’ sagittis, 

5 lapidibus nostros dé vallo proturbare reliquaque quae ad 
oppugnatiOnem pertinent parant administrare. Edodem 

tempore clamG6re exaudito dat 

tuba signum suis Vercinge- 
torix atque ex oppido édicit. 

Nostri, ut superidribus diébus 
Inscribed FER1, and on the other side ene cuique erat locus attri- 

Pomp (for Pompeium), ze. Strike biitus, ad miunitidnés  ac- 
hrs ge & cédunt; fundis*  librilibus 
sudibusque,* quas in opere disposuerant, ac glandibus® 

15 Gallds prdterrent. Prdspectii tenebris adémptd multa 
utrimque vulnera accipiuntur. Complira tormentis 
téla coniciuntur. At M. Antonius et C. Trebdnius 
légati, quibus hae partés ad défendendum obvénerant, 
qua ex parte nostrés premi intelléxerant, his auxilid ex 

20 ulteridribus castellis déductds submittébant. 





Glans 


The Gauls retire without accomplishing their destre. 


82. Dum® longius 4 minitidne aberant Galli, pliis 
multitidine télorum pr6ficiébant ; posteaquam propius 
successérunt, aut sé’ stimulis * inopinantés induébant aut 
in scrobés® délati transfodiébantur aut ex vall6 ac turri- 





sagitta, -ae, f., arrow. tenebrae, -arum, f., darkness. 
librilis, -e, of a pound weight. transfodid, -ere, -fodi, -fossum, 
proterred, 2; cf. perterred. pierce through. 

1. in the field. 6. as long as. 

2. with slings. 7. sé induébant: were im- 

3. slingstones. paled. : 

4. stakes. : 8. sharp points. — 

5. bullets. 9. ditches. . 


et eee 
7, 


Oe ee Oe ae ee ee > 


bal iso ol 


ee a 


ge en ee ee eS 


CAESAR, GALLIC WAR, BOOK VII 103 


bus? traiecti? pilis* miralibus interibant.* Multis undique 
vulneribus acceptis, nulla munitione perrupta, cum lix 
appeteret,® veriti né ab latere apert6 ex superidribus— 
castris €ruptidne circumvenirentur, sé ad suds recépé- 
runt. At interidrés,° dum ea quae a Vercingetorige ad 
éruptionem praeparata erant, proferunt,’ pridrés fossas 
explent, dititius in his rébus administrandis morAati prius 
suds discessisse cOgnovérunt quam minitidnibus appro- 
pinquarent. Ita ré infecta in oppidum revertérunt. 


The Gauls make a third attack. 


83. Bis magno cum détrimentd repulsi Galli quid 
agant cOonsulunt; locorum peritos adhibent; ex his 
superidrum castrorum situs * munitionésque cégnéscunt. 
Erat a septentridnibus collis, quem propter magnitiidi- 
nem circuitiis opere circumplecti ndn potuerant nostri, 


‘15 necessaridque paene iniqu6 locé et léniter® déclivi® castra 


fécerant. Haec C. Antistius Réginus et C. Caninius 
‘Rebilus légati cum duabus legidnibus obtinébant. Cog- 
nitis per exploratorés regidnibus ducés hostium Lx milia 
ex omni numero déligunt earum civitatum quae maxi- 


zomam virtitis opinionem habébant; quid qudque™ pacto 


agi placeat occulté inter sé cOnstituunt ; adeundi tempus 
définiunt, cum meridiés esse videatur. His cdpiis Ver- 





praeparo, 1; cf. pard. circumplector, -i, -plexus sum, 
proferd ; cf. ferd. 3 surround. 
inficid ; cf. facid. pactum, -1, n., #anner. 
bis, ¢wece. définis, 4, zt, set. 
1. Abl. of separation. 7. Sc. et to connect with 
2. run through. explent. 
3. Abl. of means. 8. locations. 
4. perished. 9. gently. 
5. = appropinquaret. 10. sloping downward. 
6. z.¢. those in the town. Ir. = et quo: 


104 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


cassivellaunum Arvernum, tinum ex quattuor ducibus, 
propinquum Vercingetorigis, praeficiunt. Ille ex castris 
prima vigilia €gressus, prope confectd sub licem itinere, 
post montem sé occultavit militésque ex nocturn6 labore 

5 sésé reficere iussit. Cum iam meridiés appropinquare 
vidérétur, ad ea castra quae supra démo6nstravimus con- 
tendit; eddemque tempore equitatus ad campestrés mi- 
nitidnés accédere et reliquae cdpiae pro castris sésé 
ostendere coepérunt. 


The Romans are attacked from both sides. 

10 84. Vercingetorix ex arce Alesiae suds cOnspicatus ex 
oppids égreditur; cratés, longurids, muralés' falcés, 
reliquaque quae éruptidnis causa paraverat profert. 
Pugnatur tno tempore omnibus locis, atque omnia 
temptantur; quae minimé visa pars firma est, htc con- 

iscurritur. ROmanorum manus tantis munitidnibus dis- 


tinétur? nec facile pliribus locis occurrit.2 Multum‘ ad 


terrendés nostrés valet clamor qui post tergum pugnan- 

tibus exsistit,° quod suum® praesidium in aliéna vident 

virtiite cOnstare; omnia enim plérumque quae absunt’ 
20 vehementius * hominum mentés perturbant. 


Desperate fighting continues on both sides, 
85. Caesar iddneum locum nactus, quid quaque in 
parte geratur cOgndscit; laborantibus subsidium sub- 
mittit. Utrisque® ad animum occurrit inum esse illud 


longurius, -i, m., dong pole. 





1. wall. 6. suum praesidium . . . con- 
2. Cf. tened. stare: their own protection de- 
3. resisted; sc. hostibus. pends much on others bravery. 
4. multum .. . valet: does 7. are out of sight. 

much toward frightening. , 8. guzte strongly. 


5. arises. 9. ¢o both sides. 


“= ON > a ee 


ec id 


2 ate ee Be le 
ae ee ' 


CAESAR, GALLIC WAR, BOOK VII 105 


tempus quo maximé contendi conveniat: Galli, nisi per- 
frégerint miinitionés, dé omni saliite déspérant ; Romani, 
si rem! obtinuerint, finem laborum omnium exspectant. 
Maximé ad superiorés minitionés laboratur, quo Ver- 

5 cassivellaunum missum démonstravimus. Iniquum? loci 
ad déclivitatem fastigium magnum habet momentum. 
Alii téla coniciunt, alii testidine facta subeunt; défatt- 
gatis* in‘ vicem integri succédunt. Agger ab tniversis 
in minitionem coniectus et ascénsum dat Gallis et ea 

1o quae in terra occultaverant Romani contegit; nec iam 
arma nostris nec vires suppetunt. 


Caesar sends reénforcements and urges on his men. 

86. His rébus cognitis Caesar Labiénum cum cohor- 
tibus sex subsidio laborantibus mittit; imperat, si susti- 
nére non possit, déductis cohortibus éruptidne® pugnet ; 

15id nisi necessario né faciat. Ipse adit reliquos ; cohorta- 
tur né labori succumbant; omnium superidrum dimica- 
tisnum friictum * in ed dié atque hora docet consistere. 
Interidrés’ déspératis campestribus* locis propter 
magnitiidinem miénitisnum loca praerupta ascénsi® 
zotemptant; hiic ea quae paraverant conferunt. Multi- 
tidine télorum ex turribus propugnantés ” déturbant,” 


déclivitas, déclivitatis, f., descent. succumbd, -ere, -cubui, -cubitum, 


momentum, -i, n., movement, zm- 
portance. 

conteg6o, -ere, -téxi, -téctum, cover 
over. 


yield. 

dimicatid, dimicatidnis, f.; cf. 
dimico. 

praeruptus, -a, -um, steep. 





1. the battle. 


2. iniquum . fastigium : 
the uneven downward slope of 
the ground. 

3. wearted. 


4. in vicem: in turn. 
5. Abl. of means. 


6. fruit. 

7. 2.é. those inside. 

8. level. 

g. Abl. of specification with 
praerupta. ; | 
10. z.¢. the Romans: acc. Case. 
11. drive off. 


106 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


aggere et cratibus fossas explent, falcibus vallum ac 
loricam ' rescindunt. 


Caesar himself enters the fight. 


87. Mittit primum Britum aduléscentem cum cohor- 
tibus Caesar, post cum aliis C. Fabium légatum; po-: 
5 strémo ipse, cum vehementius pugnarétur, integr6ds sub- 
sidid addiicit. Restitiitd proelid ac repulsis hostibus, e6 
quo Labiénum miserat contendit; cohortés quattuor ex 
proximo castello dédiicit, equitum partem sé sequi, 
partem circumire exteridrés minitionés et a tergo hostés 
1oadoriri iubet. Labiénus, postquam neque aggerés 
neque fossae vim hostium sustinére poterant, coactis xI 
cohortibus, quas ex proximis praesidiis déductas fors? 
obtulit, Caesarem per nintids facit certidrem quid * 
faciendum existimet. Accelerat Caesar, ut proelid 
15 intersit.* 
The Gauls are completely defeated. 


88. Eius adventii ex colodre vestitiis cOgnitd, turmis-* 
que equitum et cohortibus visis quas sé sequi iusserat, 
ut dé locis superidribus haec déclivia® et dévexa cerne- 
bantur, hostés proelium committunt. Utrimque clamore 

20 sublat6 excipit’ riirsus ex vall6 atque omnibus miunitidni- 
bus clamor. Nostri émissis pilis gladiis rem gerunt. 
Repente*® post® tergum equitatus cernitur; cohortés 


accelero, 1, hurry. vestitus, -iis, m., at7zre. 





: 


1. breastworks. 6. déclivia et dévexa: the 


2. chance. | downward slopes and hillsides. 
3. quid faciendum: 2z.e. to 7. followed. 

make a sally. : 8. suddenly. 
4. take part. - g. post tergum: z.¢. of the 


5. squadrons. - Gauls. 





CAESAR, GALLIC WAR, BOOK VII 107 


aliae appropinquant. Hostés terga vertunt; fugienti- 
bus equités occurrunt. Fit magna caedés. Sedulius, 
dux et princeps Lemovicum, occiditur; Vercassivellau- 
nus Arvernus vivus in fuga comprehenditur; signa 

5 militaria LxxIv ad Caesarem referuntur; pauci ex tantd 
numero sé incolumés in castra recipiunt. Cdnspicati’ 
ex oppidd caedem et fugam sudrum déspérata saliite 
cOpias 4 munitidnibus redicunt. Fit prdtinus hac ré 
audita ex castris Gallorum fuga. Quod nisi crébris sub- 

1osidiis ac totius diéi labo6re milités essent défessi, omnés 
hostium cdpiae. déléri potuissent. Dé media nocte 
missus equitatus novissimum agmen cOnsequitur: mag- 
nus numerus capitur atque interficitur ; reliqui ex fuga 
in civitatés discédunt. 


Vercingetorix surrenders himself and his entire army. 


15 8 o. Posterd dié Vercingetorix concilid convocatd id 
bellum sé suscépisse nOn suarum necessitatum, sed 
comminis libertatis causa démoOnstrat, et quoniam sit 
fortiinae cédendum, ad? utramque rem sé illis offerre, 
seu morte sua ROmanis satisfacere * seu vivum ‘ tradere 

2zovelint. Mittuntur dé his rébus ad Caesarem JégAti. 
Tubet arma tradi, principés prddiici. Ipse in minitidne 
pro castris considit®; ed ducés prddiicuntur; Vercinge- 
torix déditur, arma proiciuntur. Reservatis Haeduis 
atque Arvernis, si® per eds civitatés recuperare posset, 

25ex reliquis captivis toti exercitui capita’ singula prae- 
dae nomine distribuit. 





1. Sc. Galli. 4. alive. 
2. ad utramque rem: /or 5. took his place. 
either alternative; explained by 6. to see if. . 
seu... . seu... velint. 7- capita singula: @ man 


3. appease. apiece. 


108 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


Caesar distributes his army for the winter. 


90. His rébus codnfectis in Haeduds_ proficiscitur ; 
civitatem recipit. Eo légati ab Arvernis missi quae im- 
peraret sé factiirds pollicentur. Imperat .magnum 
numerum obsidum. lLegidnés in hiberna mittit. Capti- 

5 vorum circiter xx milia Haeduis Arvernisque reddit. 
T. Labiénum cum duabus legidnibus et equitati in Sé 
quanos proficisci iubet; huic M. Semprénium Rutilum 
attribuit. C. Fabium légatum et L. Minucium Basilum 
cum legidnibus duabus in Rémis collocat, né quam 4 

10 finitimis Bellovacis calamitatem accipiant. C. Antistium 
Réginum in Ambivaretdos, T. Sextium in Biturigés, C. 
Caninium Rebilum in Ruténds cum singulis legidnibus 
mittit. Q.Tullium Cicerdnem et P. Sulpicium Cavilloni 
et Matiscone in, Haeduis ad Ararim rei frimentariae 

15 causa collocat. Ipse Bibracte hiemare constituit. His 
rébus ex Caesaris litteris cOgnitis, ROmae diérum viginti 
supplicatis ! redditur. 


' 4. thanksgtving. 





ore on 





C. IULII CAESARIS 


DETRETLO CIVED! 
LIBER TERTIUS 


The so-called First Triumvirate (B.C. 60), composed of Caesar, 
Crassus, and Pompey, was formed for the purpose of advancing the 
selfish interests of its members. Caesar wished to extend his power, 
Crassus to increase his wealth, Pompey to secure his hold on the 
East. With the help of Crassus and Pompey, Caesar was elected 


consul for the year B.c. 59. The Senate, influenced by Crassus and 


Pompey, voted that Caesar as proconsul should have as his province 
Gallia Cisalpina, Gallia Transalpina, and Illyricum, with an army of 
four legions — an arrangement that was to hold good for five years. 

Caesar thereupon set out to subdue Gaul, the narrative of which 
he has given us in his Commentaries on the Gallic War. The five- 
year period proved too short for the purpose, and hence an additional 
five years was granted, while Spain was allotted to Pompey, and Syria 
to Crassus. Pompey remained at Rome and governed his province 
through trusted lieutenants. Crassus proceeded to Syria, where he 
was killed in battle, B.c. 53. 

Caesar’s proconsulship was to expire at the end of B.c. 49, and 
wishing to stand for his second consulship in that year, he had ar- 
ranged with Pompey that he should candidate for the office even 
though absent from the city. But Pompey, growing jealous of 
Caesar’s marked success in Gaul and Britain, joined the aristocratic 
(senatorial) party and induced the Senate to decree that Caesar 
should lay down his command and return to Rome as a private citi- 
zen some months before the expiration of his second five-year term. 

Knowing that he would not be safe at Rome, where Pompey was 


in supreme command, Caesar refused to obey, and taking but a single 


legion, crossed the Rubicon, which bounded his province, and 
109 





IIo SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


marched towards Rome. Thus the Civil War was begun. As he 
advanced, many cities submitted, while Pompey, dismayed at this 
evidence of Caesar’s power, hastened to Brundisium and thence to 
Macedonia. | 

Caesar turned his attention to his enemies in the West. With 
Spain, Sicily, Sardinia, and Italy won, he returned to Rome and as- 
sumed the dictatorship, to which he had been appointed in his 
absence. 

At this point the following selections take up the story. 


Caesar is elected consul, 


1. Dictatdre habente comitia Caesare codnsulés crean- 
tur Iilius Caesar et P. Servilius; is enim 
erat annus, quo per légés ei consulem ! 
fieri licéret. 


e . . . . . _) 


Caesar resigns the dictatorship and goes to Brundi- 
StUM,. « 

2. His rébus et fériis Latinis comi- 
tiisque omnibus perficiendis x1 diés tri- 
buit? dictatiraque sé abdicat et ab urbe 

Pompey ___ proficiscitur Brundisiumque _pervenit. 

E6 legidnés xu, equitatum omnem venire iusserat. Sed 
1otantum* navium reperit, ut angusté xv milia legionari- 

orum militum, Dc equités transportare possent. Hoc 

iinum Caesari ad celeritatem cénficiendi belli défuit. 





dictator, dictatoris, m., dictator. dictatira, -ae, f., dictatorship. 





comitia, -drum, n., election. abdicé, I, vesz7gn. | 
fériae, -4rum, f., festzval. angusté, scarcely, by crowding. 
1. Pred. acc. agreeing with 2. assigned. 


implied subject of fieri. 3. So few. 





% 
: 
, 
fr 
; 


CAESAR, CIVIL WAR, BOOK III cn 


Meanwhile Pompey has collected an enormous army. 


3. Pompéius annuum spatium ad comparandas copias 
nactus, quod vacuum a bello atque ab hoste otidsum 
fuerat, magnam ex Asia Cycladibusque insulis, Corcyra, 
Athénis, Ponto, BithYnia, Syria, Cilicia, Phoenicé, Ae- 


5 gyptd classem coégerat, magnam omnibus locis aedifican- 


dam curaverat. ; : ; 
Caesar addresses his troops, and crosses to Palaeste. 

6. Caesar, ut Brundisium vénit, contidnatus apud 
milités, quoniam prope ad finem laborum ac periculorum 
esset perventum, aequo animd mancipia atque impedi- 

1omenta in Italia relinquerent,! ipsi expediti navés cdn- 
scenderent, quo maior numerus militum posset imp6ni, 
omniaque ex victoria et ex sua liberalitate spérarent, 
conclamantibus omnibus, imperaret,’ quod vellet, quod- 
cumque imperavisset, sé aequo anim6 esse factiir6és, I 
15 Non. Ian. navés*® solvit. Impositae,* ut supra démodn- 
stratum est, legidnés vu. Postridié terram attigit Ger- 
minidrum. Saxa inter’ et alia loca periculosa ® quiétam 
nactus stationem et portiis omnés timéns, quod tenéri ab 
adversariis arbitrabantur,’ ad eum locum, qui appella- 
2zobatur Palaesté, omnibus navibus ad inam incolumibus 
milités exposuit. . : : : : ‘ 


annuus, -a, -um; cf. annus. 


- Otidsus, -a, -um, wzdzsturbed. 


contidnor, 1, address. 
mancipium, -i, n., s/ave. 
Nonae, -arum, f., tte (ones, the 


-seventh of March, May, July, 
and October, the fifth of the 
other months. 

lanuarius, -a, -um, of january. 
expon6; cf. pond. 





(cOntidnatus) relinquerent, 
etc., (urging) that they should 
leave, etc. 

2. Depends onconclamantibus, 
just as relinquerent depends on 
contidnatus above. 


3. navés solvit: sez sad. 

4. Sc. sunt. 

5. Its position after the noun 
is unusual. 

6. dangerous. 

7. Here passive in meaning. 


112 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


Both Caesar and Pompey hasten to reach Dyrrhachium. Pompey gains 
the town and both go into winter quarters. 


13. At Pompéius, cdgnitis his rébus, Dyrrhachio 
timéns, diurnis ed nocturnisque itineribus contendit. 
Simul Caesar appropinquare dicébatur, tantusque terror 
incidit eius exercitui, quod properans noctem diéi 

5 coniiinxerat ! neque iter intermiserat,' ut paene omnés ex 
Epiré finitimisque regidnibus signa relinquerent, -com- 
plirés arma prdicerent ac fugae simile iter vidérétur. 
Sed cum prope Dyrrhachium Pompéius c®dnstitisset 
castraque métari iussisset, perterrit6 etiam tum exerciti 

10 princeps” Labiénus procédit® itiratque sé eum non dé- 
sertirum eundemque casum subitirum, quemcumque * 
ei> fortiina tribuisset. Hoc idem reliqui itrant légati ; 
tribini militum centuridnésque sequuntur, atque idem 
omnis exercitus iirat. Caesar praeoccupats ® itinere ad 

15 Dyrrhachium finem properandi facit castraque ad flumen 
Apsum podnit in finibus Apolloniatium, ut castellis 
vigiliisque bene meritae civitatés tiitae’ essent, ibique 
reliquarum® ex Italia legisnum adventum exspectare et 
sub pellibus hiemare cOnstituit. Hoc idem Pompéius 

20 fécit’ et trans flimen Apsum positis castris ed cOpias 
omnés auxiliaque conduxit. 


Caesar’s effort for peace ts defeated. 
19. Inter bina castra Pompéi atque Caesaris unum 
flimen intererat Apsus, crébraque inter sé colloquia 


diurnus, -a, -um, of the or by miétor, 1, measure off. 





day. itrd, 1, swear, take an oath. 
1: The subject is Pompey. 6. praeoccupat6 itinere: szvce 
2. = primus. Pompey had got the start of him. 
3. advanced. 7. protected. 
4. -que: dwt. | 8. reliquarum legidnum: those 
5. 2.¢. Pompey. at Brundisium. 



















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114. SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


milités habébant, neque illum interim télum_ per 
pactidnés loquentium traiciébatur. Mittit’ P. Vatinium 
légatum ad ripam ipsam fliminis, quiea, quae maximé 
ad pacem pertinére vidérentur, ageret et crébrd magna 
5 voce pronuntiaret, licéretne’ civibus ad civés dé pace 
tut6 légatos mittere, quod etiam fugitivis* ab salti 
Pyrénaeo praedonibusque* licuisset, praesertim cum® 
id agerent, né civés cum civibus armis décertarent ? 
Multa suppliciter loctitus est, ut dé sua atque omnium 
10 saliite débébat, silentidque ab utrisque militibus auditus. 
Responsum est ab altera parte Aulum Varrdnem pro- 
fitéri sé alterd dié ad colloquium ventiirum atque eundem 
visirum,® quemadmodum titd légati venire et quae 
vellent exp6nere possent, certumque ei rei tempus con- 
15 Stituitur. Quo cum esset posterd dié ventum, magna 
utrimque multitidd convénit, magnaque erat exspectatid 
eius rei, atque omnium animi intenti’ esse ad pacem 
vidébantur. Qua ex frequentia Titus Labiénus prodit, 
summissa * 6ratione dé pace loqui atque altercari cum 
20 Vatinio incipit. Quorum mediam certatidnem inter- 


pactid, pactidnis, f., agreement. 
crébro, adv. ; cf. créber. 

saltus, -iis, m., #zountain glade. 

__ praed6, praedOnis, m., Zzraze. 
profiteor, -éri, -fessus sum, declare 


. openly. 


utrimque, 07 each side. 

altercor, 1, dispute. 

certatid, certatidnis, f., strzfe, 
debate. 

interrumpd, -ere, -rupi, -ruptum; 
cf. perrumpo. 





1. Sc. Caesar as subject. 
2. (asking) whether wt was 
not allowable. 


3. Refers to the remnants of 


Sertorius’ army in Spain (B.C. 
72). : 

4. In the war with the pirates 
(B.C. 66). | 


5. cum... agerent: szce they 
were working to this end. 

6. visirum possent : 
would see how commissioners 
might be able, etc. 

7. bent upon. 

8. summissa Oratidne: zz a 
calm speech. 


CAESAR, CIVIL WAR, BOOK III - IIS 
rumpunt subito undique téla immissa; quae ille’ ob- 
téctus armis militum vitavit; vulnerantur tamen com- 
plirés, in his Cornélius Balbus, M. Plotius, L. Tiburtius, 
centuri6nés militésque nodnnilli Tum  Labiénus: 

5 ‘Désinite erg6 dé compositione loqui; nam nobis nisi 
Caesaris capite relatd pax esse nila potest.’ 


e . ” . e . . . ° e 


Caesar’s troops which were left at Brundisium under Antony and Calenus, 
acting under orders, cross to Greece. 

26. Illi? adhibita audacia et virtiite administrantibus 

M. Antonio et Fafis Calénd, multum ipsis militibus hor- 
tantibus neque tllum periculum pro saliite Caesaris re- 
10 cusantibus nacti austrum navés solvunt atque alterd dié 
Apolloniam praetervehuntur.. Qui cum essent ex con- 
tinenti * visi, Coponius, qui Dyrrhachi classi Rhodiae 4 
praeerat, navés ex portii édiicit, et cum iam nostris re- 
missiore * vento appropinquassent, idem auster incrébuit 
15nostrisque praesidid fuit. Neque vérd ille ob eam 
causam conatu ® désistébat, sed labore et persevérantia 
nautarum sé vim tempestatis superare posse spérabat 
praetervectosque Dyrrhachium magna vi venti nihild 
sétius sequébatur. Nostri isi fortiinae beneficis tamen 
zoimpetum classis’ timébant, si* forte ventus remisisset. 





obtego, -ere, -téxi, -téctum, Jro- 
tect. 

désin6, -ere, désii, désitum, cease. 

compositid, compositidnis, f., 
settlement. 

auster, austri, m., south wind. 


praetervehor, -i, -vectus sum, Je: 
carrted by, sail by. 

incrébésc6, -ere, -crébui, ——, 
7mcrease. 

persevérantia, -ae, f., Dersestency. 

nauta, -ae, m., sazlor. 





1. 2.é. Vatinius. 

2. 2.¢. Caesar’s 
Brundisium. 

3. Sc. terra: mainland. 

4. Adj. with classi. 


troops at 


5. milder. 

6.- Cf. conor. 

7. Subjective genitive. 

8. si. ..remisisset: 2 the 
wind should die down. 


116 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


Nacti portum, qui appellatur Nymphaeum, ultra Lissum 
milia passuum III, €O navés introdixérunt (qui portus ab 
Africd tegébatur, ab austrd non erat titus) leviusque 
tempestatis quam classis* periculum aestimavérunt. 
5 Quod simulatque intrd est itum, incrédibili félicitate ? 
auster, qui per biduum flaverat,* in Africum sé vertit. 


Both Caesar and Pompey advance toward Antony. Caesar joins Antony, 
and Pompey encamps. 

30. Haeceddem feré tempore Caesar atque Pompéius 
cognoscunt. Nam praetervectas Apolloniam Dyrrha- 
chiumque navés viderant, ipsi iter secundum‘ eas terra 

10 diréxerant, sed qud essent eae délatae, primis diébus 
ignorabant. Cognitaque ré diversa® sibi amb6® consilia 
capiunt: Caesar, ut quam primum sé cum Antonio 
coniungeret; Pompéius, ut venientibus’ in itinere sé 
opponeret, si® impriidentés’ ex insidiis adoriri posset, 

15 eodemque dié uterque edrum ex castris stativis a flumine 
Apso exercitum édiicunt®: Pompéius clam et noctti, Cae- 
sar palam” atque interdii." Sed Caesari circuiti ” 
maidre iter erat longius adverso™ flimine, ut vado 
transire posset: Pompéius, quia expedito itinere flimen 

20ei transeundum non erat, magnis itineribus ad Antonium 





Africus, -i, m., southwest wind. dirigé, -ere, -réxi, -réctum, drect. 
leviter, adv.; cf. levis. igndr6, 1, wot know’. 
aestim6, I, estzmate. stativus, -a, -um, Jermanent. 
intr6, adv., wzthzn. 
1. z.¢. Pompey’s. 8. (Lo see) of. ; 
2. good fortune. 9. Note the singular subject. 
3. had blown. 10. openly. 
4. Prep., following, abreast 11. by day. 
of. 12. circuit maidre: explains 
5. different. iter longius. 
6 


. both. 13. adversd flimine: up the 
7. Refer to Antony’s men. river. 








CAESAR, CIVIL WAR, BOOK III 117 


contendit atque eum ubi appropinquare cdgnovit, id6- 
neum locum nactus, ibi copias collocavit sudsque om- 
nés in castris continuit ignésque fieri prohibuit, qué occul- 
tior esset eius adventus. Haec ad Antonium statim 
.- per Graecds déferuntur. Ille missis ad Caesarem 
nuntiis inum diem sésé castris tenuit; altero dié ad eum 
pervénit Caesar. Cuius adventii cognito Pompéius, né 
duodbus circumcliiderétur exercitibus, ex ed locd discédit 
omnibusque cdpiis ad Asparagium Dyrrhachin6rum 
10 pervenit atque ibi iddned locd castra ponit. 


Caesar fails to lure Pompey to Sight, but cuts him off from Dyrrhachium. 
41. Caesar, postquam Pompéium ad Asparagium esse 
cOgndvit, ecddem* cum exerciti profectus expugnatd in 
itinere oppidd Parthindrum, in quo Pompéius praesidium 
habébat, tertid dié ad Pompéium pervénit itixtaque? 
15eum castra posuit et postridié éductis omnibus c6piis 
acié instriicta décernendi* potestatem Pompéio fécit. 
Ubi illum suis locis sé tenére animadvertit, reduct6 in 
castra exercitii, aliud sibi consilium capiendum existi- 
mavit. Itaque posterd dié omnibus cdpiis magno6 cir- 
zocuiti difficili angustoque itinere Dyrrhachium profectus 
est spérans Pompéium aut Dyrrhachium compelli aut ab 
eo intercliidi posse, quod omnem commeatum tdtiusque 
belli apparatum e6 contulisset;‘ ut® accidit. Pom- 
péius enim primo ignorans eius consilium, quod divers6 
25 ab ea regione itinere profectum ° vidébat, angustiis’ rei 


apparatus, -iis, m., eguzpmment. 





1. lo the same place. 5. ut accidit: and so zt turned 

2. close to. out. 

3. of fighting a decisive com- 6. profectum (esse): sc. Cae- 
bat. sarem. 


4. The subject is Pompey. |. 9. scarcity, abl. of cause. 


118 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


frumentariae compulsum discessisse existimabat; postea 
per exploratorés certior factus postero dié castra mévit 
brevidre itinere sé occurrere ei posse spérans, Quod 
fore suspicatus Caesar militésque adhortatus, ut aequd 
5 animo laborem ferrent, parva parte noctis itinere inter- 
missO mane* Dyrrhachium vénit, cum primum agmen 
Pompéi procul cernerétur, atque ibi castra posuit. 


Caesar arranges for food supply. 

42. Pompéius interclisus Dyrrhachi6, ubi prdpositum 
tenére non potuit, secund6* sus consilid Editd locd, 
1oqui appellatur Petra aditumque habet navibus medio- 
crem* atque eas a quibusdam protegit ventis, castra 
communit. EO partem navium longarum convenire, 
frimentum commeatumque ab Asia atque omnibus 
regionibus, quas tenébat, comportari imperat. Caesar 
15longius bellum ductum iri existimans et dé Italicis com- 
meatibus déspérans, quod tanta diligentia omnia litora a 
Pompéianis tenébantur, classésque ipsius, quas hieme in 
Sicilia, Gallia, Italia fécerat,> morabantur, in Epirum 
rei frumentariae causa Q. Tillium et L. Canuléium léga- 
2otum misit, quodque hae regidnés aberant longius, locis 
certis horrea cOnstituit vectirasque friimenti finitimis 
civitatibus déscripsit. Item Lisso® Parthinisque et 
omnibus castellis quod esset friimenti conquiri’ iussit. 
Id erat perexiguum cum ® ipsius agri natura, quod sunt 


propositum, -i, n.,Aurfose. déscribo, -ere, -scripsi, -scriptum, 
litus, litoris, n., shore. aSSiQN. 

horreum, -i, n., storehouse. perexiguus, -a, -um, very small, 
vectiira, -ae, f., ¢yansportation. very little. 





1. early in the morning. 5. = faciendas ciraverat. 
2. alternative. 6. Lissd, etc. : ablatives. 
3. fairly good. 7. to be collected. 
4. Here used with acc. and. 8. cum... tum: zot only 
inf., an unusual construction. ». + but also. 


eee Le 


eS —_ 


———e ie 


ee Te ee ee ee ee ee 





tenuit castellaque ibi commiunit. 
ionatura ferébat,° ex castell6 in castellum perducta muni- 


CAESAR, CIVIL WAR, BOOK III : 119 


loca aspera! ac montuésa ac plérumque frimenté itun- 
tur importato, tum quod Pompéius haec? providerat et 


-superidribus. diébus praedae locd Parthinos habuerat 


frimentumque omne conquisitum spoliatis * effossisque * 
eorum domibus per equités comportarat. 


Caesar hems in Pompey with a line of fortresses. 


43. Quibus rébus cognitis Caesar consilium capit ex 
loci natura. Erant enim circum castra Pompéi per- 
multi éditi atque asperi collés. H6s primum praesidiis 
Inde, ut loci cuiusque ~ 


tidne circumvallare Pompéium instituit, haec® spectans, 
quod angusta ré frimentaria’ utébatur,’ quodque Pom- 
péius multitiidine.equitum valébat, qu6 minore periculo 
undique frimentum commeatumque exercitui supportare 


15 posset, simul, uti pabulatione Pompéium prohibéret 


equitatumque eius ad rem gerendam initilem efficeret, 
tertid, ut auctdritatem, qua ille* maximé apud exteras 
nationés niti® vidébatur,” minueret, cum fama per orbem 
terrarum percrébuisset illum a Caesare obsidéri neque 


20 audére proelid dimicare. 


montudsus, -a, -um, 7z0unlainous. 
pabulatis, pabulationis, f., forag- 
2ng. 


percrébésco, -ere, -crébui, ——-, 
become very frequent, be 
spread. 





1. rough. 

2. haec providerat: had fore- 
seen this move. 

3. stripped. 

4. undermined. 

5. = postulabat. 


6. Explained by clauses qu6 
- posset, etc. 

. found. 

. 2.é. Pompey. 

. rely on. 

10. was Séén. 


wo on’ 


120 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


Pompey builds counter fortifications and harasses Caesar’s men while they 
are at work. 

44. Pompéius neque 4 mari Dyrrhachidque discédere 
volébat, quod omnem apparatum belli, téla, arma, tor- 
menta ibi collocaverat frimentumque exercitui navibus 
supportabat, neque mutnitidnés Caesaris prohibére 

5 poterat, nisi proelid décertare vellet; quod eo tempore 
statuerat nodn esse faciendum. Relinquébatur,’ ut ex- 
trémam? ratidnem belli sequéns quam plirimds collés 
occuparet et quam Iatissimas regidnés praesidiis tenéret 
Caesarisque copias, quam maximé posset, distinéret ; 

roidque accidit. Castellis enim xxiv effectis xv milia 
passuum circuiti amplexus hdc spatio pabulabatur ; 
multaque erant intra eum locum mani sata;* quibus 
interim iimenta pasceret.* Atque ut nostri perpetuas ° 
- miunitidnés habébant, perductas ex castellis in proxima 
15castella, né qué loco €rumperent Pompéiani ac nostros 
post tergum adorirentur, ita illi interidre spatid per- 
petuas minitidnés efficiébant, né quem locum nostri in- 
trare atque ipsds 4 tergd circumvenire possent. . Sed 
illi® operibus’ vincébant, quod et numero militum 


20 praestabant et interidre spatid ®* mindrem circuitum habé-: 


bant. Quaré cum® erant loca Caesari: capienda, etsi 
prohibére Pompéius tdtis copiis et dimicare non con- 


amplector, -i, -plexus sum, suv- intro, I, enter. 





round. 
1. The subject is the clause 6. z.e. the Pompeians. 

ut, etc. : 7. in (pushing) their fortifi- 
2. extreémam ratidnem: ‘the cations. 

last resort. 8. Abl. of cause. 
3. planted. 9. cum...capienda: when- 
4. could feed. ever Caesar had to seize new 


5. continuous. places. 


ee ee ee 


ey ae eee ee a ee oe 


Se ae ee oe 


ee ee 


CAESAR, CIVIL WAR, BOOK III 121 


stituerat, tamen suis’ locis sagittarids? fundito6résque 
mittébat, quorum magnum habébat numerum, multique 
ex nostris vulnerabantur, magnusque incesserat timor 
sagittarum, atque omnés feré milités aut ex coactis aut 


5 ex centdnibus aut ex coriis tunicas aut tegimenta* féce- 


rant, quibus téla vitarent.‘ © 


Caesar’s troops retire from a skirmish with slight loss. 


46. Nostri vér6, qui satis® habébant sine détrimento 
discédere, compliribus® interfectis v omnino sudrum 
amissis quiétissimé sé recépérunt pauloque citra eum 

iolocum morati aliis comprehénsis collibus miniti6nés 
perfécérunt. | 


Pompey has abundant supplies while Caesar suffers from want. 


47. Erat nova et inusitata’ belli ratio cum tot ca- 
stellorum numerd® tantdque spatid et tantis munitioni- 
bus et t6td obsididnis genere, tum etiam reliquis rébus. 

15 Nam® quicumque alterum ™ obsidére conati sunt, per- 
culsds atque infirmds hostés adorti aut proelid superatds 
aut aliqua offénsidne™ permdtds continuérunt,” cum 


incéd6, -ere, -cessi, -cessum, come 
Up, arise. 

coactum, -i, n., felt. 

cento, centonis, m., #atting. 


corium, -1, -n., Azde. 

tunica, -ae, f., shzrt. 

perculsus, -a, -um, ~fset, discon- 
certed. 





I. suis locis : 
places. 

2. sagittarids funditorésque: 
bowmen and slingers. 

3. coverings. 

4. escape. 

5. satis habébant: deemed it 
sufficient. ei 

6. z.¢. of the enemy. 

7. unusual, 


favorable 


8. numero, etc.: abls. of spe- 
cification. 


9. nam ... prohibérent: a 


statement of a general truth; 


therefore praestarent and prohi- 
bérent should be translated by 
the present tense. 

10. his opponent. 

11. defeat. 

12. kept in check. 


122 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


ipsi numero equitum militumque praestarent; causa? 
autem obsididnis haec feré esse cOnsuévit, ut frimento 
hostés prohibérent. At? tum integras atque incolumés 
coOpias Caesar inferidre militum numero continébat,? cum 

5 illi omnium rérum copia abundarent; cotidié enim mag- 
nus undique navium numerus conveniébat, quae com- 
meatum supportarent, neque tllus flare* ventus poterat, 
quin® aliqua ex parte secundum cursum_ habérent. 
Ipse* autem consimptis omnibus longé latéque fri- 

1omentis summis erat in angustiis. Sed tamen haec sin- 
gulari patientia milités ferébant. Recordabantur enim 
eadem sé superidre anno in Hispania perpessds labore 
et patientiad maximum bellum cénfécisse, meminerant’ 
ad Alesiam magnam sé inopiam perpessos, mult6 etiam © 

15 maidrem ad Avaricum maximarum sé gentium victorés 
discessisse. Non, illis herdeum cum darétur, non legu- 
mina recisabant; pecus vér6, cuius rei summa erat ex 
Epir6 copia, magné in honore habébant. 


A substitute for bread ts found. 


48. Est etiam genus radicis inventum ab iis, qui vaca- 
20 bant ab operibus, quod appellatur chara, quod admix- 


recordor, 1, call to mind, re-  \legiimen, legiminis, n., dean. _ 





member, recollect. chara, -ae, f., chara, a kind of 
perpetior, -1, -pessus sum, ¢7- wild vegetable. 

aure. admisced, -ére, -miscui, -mixtum, 
hordeum, -i,n., dar/ey. mixed with. 

I. Causa . . . cOnsuévit, ut: 5s. quinn’... . habérent: iit. 


moreover the purpose of such a but that they had a favorable 
blockade has generally been this, wind from some quarter. 


that. 6. z.e. Caesar. 
2. at tum: dut on this oc- 7. remembered. 

casion. 8. non, illis hordeum cum 
3. tried to keepin check. _ darétur = hordeum non _ recisa- 


4. to blow. bant cum darétur. 


CAESAR, CIVIL WAR, BOOK III 123 


tum lacte multum inopiam levabat.!. Id ad _ similitudi- 

nem? panis efficiébant. . Eius erat magna copia. Ex hoc 

effectds panés, cum in colloquiis Pompéiani famem * 

nostris obiectarent, vulg6d in eds iaciébant, ut spem eorum 
5 minuerent. 


Pompey’s army suffers from want of food and water. ° 


49. Iamque friimenta matiiréscere incipiébant, atque 
ipsa spés inopiam sustentabat,* quod celeriter sé habitu- 
ros cOpiam confidébant; crébraeque vocés militum in 
vigiliis colloquiisque audiébantur, prius sé cortice® ex 

roarboribus victiirds,* quam Pompéium é manibus dimis- 
surds. Libenter’ etiam ex perfugis cogndscébant equos 





; edrum® tolerari,? reliqua vérdo itimenta interisse; uti 
q autem ipsds” valétiidine ndn bona, cum angustiis loci et 
odore taetro ex multitudine cadaverum™ et cotidianis 
 islaboribus insuétds * operum, tum aquae summa inopia 


affectds.% Omnia enim flimina atque omnés rivés,“ 
qui ad mare pertinébant, Caesar aut averterat aut mag- 
3 nis operibus obstriixerat,” atque ut erant loca montuosa. 
et aditiis perangusti vallium, has ® sublicis” in terram 


; panis, panis, m., dread. matiirésc6, -ere, matiirui, ——, 
3 Obiecté, 1, throw up at, taunt begin to ripen. 
with. odor, odoris, m., stench. 


a taeter, taetra, taetrum, fo. 





NS eT 


} 1. relieved. 11. dead bodies . 
: 2. likeness. 12. insuétds ‘operum: Jeing 
; 3. hunger. unused to work. 
4 4. made bearable. 13. afficted: agrees with 
E 5. bark. | ipsds and is modified by the 
4 6. live. abl. of cause. 
7. gladly. 14. brooks. 
: 8. z.e. Pompey’s men. 15. stopped. 

9. kept alive. 16. 2z.é. vallés. 

10. Subject of uti. 17. stakes. 








124 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


démissis praesaepserat + terramque adiécerat, ut aquam 
continéret. Ita illi necessarid loca sequi démissa? ac 
palistria et puteds* fodere* cogébantur atque hunc 
laborem ad cotidiana opera addébant; qui tamen fontés 
5 a quibusdam praesidiis aberant longius et celeriter aesti- 
bus exaréscébant. At Caesaris exercitus optima valé 
tiidine summaque aquae copia utébatur, tum *® commea- 
tis omni genere praeter frimentum abundabat, cuius 
cotidié melius succédere tempus maidremque spem ma- 
10 turitate frimentorum proponi vidébant. 


Night attacks are made on Caesar’s troops. 


50. In novo genere belli novae ab utrisque bel- 
landi ratiOnés® reperiébantur. Illi, cum animadvertis- 
sent ex ignibus nocte cohortés nostras ad minitidnés 
excubare, silentid aggressi tiniversi intra multitudinem 

15 sagittas coniciébant et sé confestim ad suds recipiébant. 
Quibus rébus nostri ust docti haec reperiébant remedia, 
ut alid loco ignés facerent ali6 excubarent. .. . . 


Sulla’s arrival drives the Pompetans off. 


51. Interim certior factus P. Sulla, quem discédéns ca- 
stris praefécerat Caesar, auxilid cohorti vénit cum legioni- 
20 bus duabus; cuius adventi facile sunt repulsi Pompéiani. 
Neque vér6 conspectum aut impetum nostrorum tulérunt, 
primisque déiectis reliqui sé vertérunt et locd cessérunt. 


palister, -tris, -tre, swampy, méatiritas, matiritatis, f.; cf. ma- 








marshy. tiirus. 
fons, fontis, m., spring, well. _ excubd, -ere, -cubui, -cubitum, 
exarésco, -ere, -arul, ,aryup. — keep watch. 
abund6, 1, abound. remedium, -i, n., Ae/p. 
1. blocked up. 4. dig. 
2. low. | 5. and then too. 


3. wells. 6. methods. 





CAESAR, CIVIL WAR, BOOK III 125 


Sed insequentés nostrés, né longius prosequerentur, Silla 
revocavit. At plérique existimant, si acrius insequi volu- 
isset, belluni ed dié potuisse! finire. Cuius cdnsilium re- 
prehendendum non vidétur. Aliae* enim sunt légati- 
5 partés atque imperatoris: alter omnia agere ad® praescrip- 
tum,‘ alter liheré ® ad summam * rérum consulere débet. 


Six engagements bring losses to both sides. Caesar rewards his men. 
53.. Uno dié vi proeliis factis, tribus ad Dyrrhachium, 
tribus ad minitionés, cum hodrum omnium ratio’ habé- 
rétur, ad® duo milia numer6 ex Pompéianis cecidisse 
1oreperiébamus, évocatds*® centuridnésque complirés (in 
eo fuit numero Valerius Flaccus, L. filius, eius, qui 
praetor Asiam obtinuerat); signaque sunt militaria v1 
relata. Nostri ndn amplius xx omnibus sunt proeliis 
désiderati.“ Sed in castell6 némo fuit omnino militum, 
1squin vulnerarétur, quattuorque ex ina -cohorte cen- 
‘turidnés oculds amisérunt. Et cum laboris sui periculi- 
que testimdnium afferre vellent, milia sagittarum circiter 
Xxx in castellum coniecta Caesari renintiavérunt, scito- 
que ad eum relatd Scaevae centuridnis inventa sunt in 
20e6 foramina cxx. Quem ™ Caesar, ut erat dé sé meritus 
et dé ré publica, ddnatum * milibus® cc .. . collauda- 
tumque ab octavis 6rdinibus ad primipilum sé tradiicere “ 


foramen, foraminis, n., Zo/e. 





1. Sc. Siillam as subject. 9. veterans; appositive with 
2. aliae atque: different milia. 
from. ; 10. lost. 
3. according to. 11. Obj. of tradiicere. 
4. instructions. 12. presented with; agrees with 
5. freely. quem, as does also collaudatum. 
6. summam rérum: general 13. milibus cc: sc. séstertium. 
enterests. 200,000 sesterces equals some- 
7. reckoning. thing like $8000. 


8. about, adv. | : 14. promote. 


126 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


pronintiavit (eius enim ope! castellum magna ex parte 
cOnservatum esse cOnstabat*) cohortemque postea du- 
plici stipendis, friimento, veste,* congiariis militaribus- 
que donis amplissimé donavit. 


Because of scarcity of fodder, Pompey plans to force the blockade. 
5 58. Caesar, quo facilius equitatum Pompéianum ad 


Dyrrhachium  continéret et pabulatione prohibéret, adi- 


tis duds, quds esse angustos démOnstravimus, magnis 
operibus praeminivit castellaque his locis posuit. Pom- 
péius, ubi nihil prdfici* equitati cOgndvit, paucis inter- 
1omissis diébus rirsum eum* navibus ad sé intra mini- 
tidnés recipit. Erat summa inopia pabuli,* aded’ ut 
foliis * ex arboribus strictis et teneris® harundinum radi- 
‘cibus® contiisis equdés alerent” (frimenta enim, quae 
fuerant intra minitionés sata," cOnsimpserant); cogé- 
15 bantur Corcyra atque Acarnania long6 interiect6 naviga- 
tidnis spatis pabulum supportare, quodque erat eius rei 
minor” copia, horded adaugére atque his ratidnibus 
equitatum tolerare. Sed postquam non modo hordeum 
pabulumque omnibus locis herbaeque désectae,* sed 
20etiam frons™ ex arboribus déficiébat, corruptis” equis 





congiarium, -i, n., yeward. contund6, -ere, -tudi, -tisum, 
folium, -i, n., deaf. bruzse. 
stringd, -ere, strinxi, strictum, adauged, -ére, -auxi, -auctum; cf. 
pluck. augeo. 
harund6, harundinis, f., ~ced. herba, -ae, f., grass. 

1. help. » alerent. 

2. it was clear. : 9. tender. 

3. clothing. 10. had to feed.. 

4. accomplished. Il. Sown. 

5. = equitatum. 12. too small. 

6. fodder. 13. cut down. 

7. to such a degree. | 14. foliage. 

8. Ablatives of means with 15. emaciated. 





a 





CAESAR, CIVIL WAR, BOOK III 127 


macié coOnandum sibi aliquid Pompéius dé éruptidne 

existimavit. 

Two brothers who have received many favors from Caesar are charged by 
the troopers with dishonesty. 

59. Erant apud Caesarem ex equitum numero Allo- 
brogés duo fratrés, Raucillus et Egus, Adbucilli filii, 
qui principatum in civitate multis* annis obtinuerat, 
singulari virtute hominés, quorum opera”? Caesar omni- 
bus Gallicis bellis optima fortissimaque erat tisus. His 
domi ob has causas amplissim6s magistratiis mandaverat 
atque eds extra* ordinem in* senatum legendds cira- 
10 verat agrodsque in Gallia ex hostibus captds praemiaque 
rei® pecitiniariae magna tribuerat® locuplétésque ex 
egentibus’ fécerat. Hi propter virtiitem non sdlum 
apud Caesarem in honore erant, sed etiam apud exer- 
citum cari® habébantur: sed fréti? amicitia Caesaris et 
15stulta ac barbara arrogantia élati déspiciébant suds sti- 
pendiumque equitum fraudabant et praedam omnem 
domum™” Avertébant. Quibus illi™ rébus permdti ini- 
versi Caesarem adiérunt palamque” dé edrum iniiriis 
sunt questi et ad cétera addidérunt falsum ab his® © 


maciés, ——, abl. macié, f., Jack 
of fodder. 
lego, -ere, légi, léctum, choose. 


locuplés, locuplétis, xzch. 
stultus, -a, -um, foolish. 
fraud, 1, steal. 





1. multis annis: abl. of time 
within which, but to be trans- 
lated like acc. of extent. 

2. Opera optima erat iisus: 
aid Caesar had found very 
useful, 

3. extra Ordinem: outside the 
regular routine. 

4. in senatum: as members 
of the senate (of the Allobroges). 


rel peciiniariae : 
had given. 
poor. 
dear. 
. relying. 
1o. domum Avertébant : 
appropriated. 
11. z.é. the cavalrymen. ° 
12. openly. : 
13. z.¢. the two brothers. 


money. 


oer an 


2.8. 


128 


SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


equitum numerum déferri, qudrum stipendium 4ver- 


terent. 


Caesar censures them and they return to Pompey. 


60. Caesar neque tempus illud animadversionis esse 


existimans et multa virtiti eOrum concédéns rem totam 


distulit ; illos sécrét6 castigavit, quod quaestui’ equités 
habérent, monuitque, ut ex sua amicitia omnia exspecta- 
rent et ex? praeteritis suis officiis reliqua* -spérarent. 
Magnam tamen haec rés illis off€nsionem* et con- 
temptidnem ad*® omnés attulit, idque® ita esse cum ex 
io alidrum obiectatidnibus tum etiam ex domestic6’ iiidicid 


atque animi® conscientia intellegébant. 


Qus pudore 


adducti et ® fortasse non sé liberari, sed in aliud tempus 
reservari arbitrati discédere 4 nobis et novam temptare 
fortiinam novasque amicitias experiri constituérunt. Et 
15cum paucis collociti clientibus suis, quibus tantum faci- 
nus” committere audébant, primum cdnati sunt prae- 
fectum equitum C. Volusénum interficere, ut postea 
bell6 cdnfectd cognitum est, ut cum” miunere aliquo 
perfigisse ad Pompéium vidérentur ; postquam id dif- 
20 ficilius visum est neque facultas perficiendi dabatur, 
quam maxims potuérunt peciinias mutuati, proinde ” ac 


animadversi0, animadversionis, f., 
consideration, attention, punish- 
ment. 

castigo, 1, Aunish. 


Obiectatid, obiectatidnis, f., re- 
proach. 

fortasse, Derhaps. 

miituor, 1, dorrow. 








1. quaestui habérent: «sed 
for gain. 3 

2. ex... Officiis: 2% accord- 
ance with his past favors. 

3. future (favors). 

4. discredit. 

5. in the eyes of. | 

6. id ita esse: z¢ to be such. 

7. their own. 





8. animicOnscientia: guzlty 


conscience. 


9. Connects adducti and ar- — 


bitrati. 

10. deed. 

II. cum minere: carrying 
some favor, t.e. the death of 
Volusenus. 

12. proinde ac: just as though. 


ee 


CAESAR, CIVIL WAR, BOOK III ae 


suis satisfacere! et fraudata restituere vellent, multis 
coémptis? equis ad Pompéium transiérunt cum lis, qués 
sui cOnsilii participés habébant. 


Pompey gladly receives them and they inform him about Caesar and his 
army. 

61. Quds* Pompéius, quod erant honestd‘ locd nati 

5 et instricti liberaliter magnoque comitatii et multis 
iimentis vénerant virique fortés habébantur et in honore 
apud Caesarem fuerant, quodque® novum et praeter 
cOnsuétiidinem acciderat, omnia sua praesidia® circum- 
dixit atque ostentavit.’ Nam ante id tempus ném6 aut 
1omiles aut eques 4 Caesare ad Pompéium transierat, 
cum® paene cotidié 4 Pompéid ad Caesarem perfuge- 
rent, vulgd® vérd diniversi in Epird atque Aetdlia cén- 
scripti milités edrumque regidnum omnium, quae 4 Cae- 
sare tenébantur. Sed hi” cdgnitis omnibus rébus, seu ™ 
15 quid” in miunitidnibus perfectum n6n erat, seu quid a 
peritidribus rei® militaris désiderari“ vidébatur, tempori- 
busque * rérum* et spatiis’ locodrum et custodiarum ” 


particeps, participis, m., accom- 
plice. 


comitatus, -tis, m., escort, train, 
retinue. 





1. repay. 

2. bought up. 

3. Object of dixit in circum- 
diixit and of ostentavit. 

4. honorable. 

5. quodque . acciderat : 
and because wt had happened as 
(something) new and unusual. 

6. Acc. with circum and also 
as secondary object of ostentavit. 

7. showed. 

8. Concessive. 

g. (et) vulgd in Epiro . . 
cOnscripti milités ... omnium: 

SECOND YEAR LATIN — 9 


(and) in fact the soldiers en- 
rolled in Epirus:and in Aetolia 
and (those) of all those districts 
. . « (Aad deserted) in a body. 
10. 2z.é. the brothers. 
rr. seu... seu: whether... 


12. Indef. pronoun. 

13. Objective genitive. 

14. be lacking. 

15. Sc. animadversis. 

16. for various matters (con- 
nected with the blockade). 

17. guards. 


130 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


varia diligentiad animadversa, prout* cuiusque edrum, 
qui negotiis praeerant, aut natura aut studium ferébat, 
haec* ad Pompéium omnia détulérunt. 


Pompey plans an attack on Caesar. 

62. Quibus ille cOgnitis Gruptidnisque iam ante captd 

5 consilis, ut démOnstratum est, tegimenta galeis* milités 
ex viminibus * facere atque aggerem *® iubet comportare. 
His paratis rébus magnum numerum levis armatiirae et 
sagittaridrum aggeremque omnem noctii in scaphas® 
et navés actuarias’ imp6dnit et dé media nocte cohortés 
1oLX ex maximis castris praesidiisque déductas ad eam 
partem miinitisnum diicit, quae pertinébant ad mare 
longissiméque @ maximis castris Caesaris aberant. 
Eddem navés, quas démonstravimus aggere et levis 
armatiirae militibus complétas, quasque ad Dyrrhachium 
15navés® longas habébat, mittit et, quid 4 qudque fieri 
velit, praecipit.2 Ad eas minitidnés Caesar Lentulum 
Marcellinum quaestdrem cum legidne n6dna positum 
habébat. Huic, quod valétidine” minus commoda 
utébatur, Fulvium Postumum adiiitorem™ summiserat. 


Description of the point of attack. Caesar’s men are driven back, 
20 63. Erat ed locd fossa pedum xv et vallum contra 
hostem in altittidinem pedum x, tantundemque”™ eius 


prout, according, as. 





1. prout . . . ferébat: ac- 5. rubbish. 
cording as the character and 6. skzffs. 
zeal of each man showed (tself). 7. sweft. 
The clause explains varia. 8. navés longas: warships. 
2. Explained by the preced- 9. ordered. 
ing clauses, cOgnitis .. . feré- 1o. valétidine minus com- 
bat. 3 moda : z// health. 
3. helmets. 11. adjutant. 


4. twigs. 7 12. just as far as. 


CAESAR, CIVIL WAR, BOOK IIl 131 


valli agger' in latittidinem patébat: ab ed intermissd 
spati6 pedum pc alter conversus in contrariam partem 
erat vallus* humilidre paul6 miunitidne. Hoc* enim 
superioribus diébus timéns Caesar, né navibus nostri 
5 circumvenirentur, duplicem ed locd fécerat vallum, ut, 


Caesar’s redoubt % swu@e Sy 
@m (214,24) 





OS 


i” YE 
F Ar: [7 Se | 4) 
Wik 
Bs 
Whig, 
Ni 


~ 
Ke 


= os, 
= S > 
= ee, “a 
1p: & 
r Sj 
= 
ds 
Sud 


eae SCRE ae 


Pe ae 








Caesar’s Siege of Pompey near Dyrrhachium 


SI ancipiti proelid dimicarétur, posset resisti. Sed 
‘ operum magnitidd et continéns* omnium diérum labor, 
quod milia passuum in circuitii xviI erat complexus, per- 
ficiendi spatium non dabat. Itaque contra mare trans- 
1oversum® vallum, qui has duas minitidnés coniungeret, 
nondum perfécerat. Quae rés nota erat Pompéis délata 
per Allobrogas perfugas, magnumque nostris attulerat 





SE ee ee 


1. embankment. cumvenirentur. 
2. rampart. 4. continuous. 
_ 3. Explained by né.. . cir- 5. at right angles. 






sa oT 
. 


bn 





Sask 


132 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


incommodum.' Nam ut ad mare Il cohortés ndnae 
legidnis excubuerant,? accessére* subitd prima liice 
Pompéiani; simul navibus circumvecti‘ milités in ex- 
teridrem vallum téla iaciébant, fossaeque aggere com- 

5 plébantur, et legidnarii interidris minitidnis défénsdrés 
scalis ° admOtis tormentis*® cuiusque generis télisque ter- 
rébant, magnaque multitiddo sagittaridrum ab utraque 
parte circumfundébatur.’ Multum® autem ab _ icti® 
lapidum, quod tinum nostris erat télum, viminea tegi- 

1omenta galeis imposita défendébant. Itaque cum omni- 
bus rébus nostri premerentur atque aegré resisterent, 
animadversum est vitium™ minitidnis, quod supra 
démonstratum est, atque inter duds vallds, qua per- 
fectum opus non erat, per mare navibus expositi in™ 

'5aversOs nostr6ds impetum fécérunt atque ex utraque 
miinitione déiectds terga vertere coégérunt. 


A panic ensues. The eagle is saved by the bravery of the standard bearer. 


64. Hoc tumulti nintiato Marcellinus cohortés sub- 
sidid nostris laborantibus summittit ex castris; quae 
fugientés * coOnspicatae neque illds sud adventii con- 

2ofirmare potuérunt neque ipsae hostium impetum tulé- 
runt. Itaque quodcumque™ addébatur subsidid, id 
correptum “ timore fugientium terrdrem et periculum 
augébat; hominum enim multitidine receptus ” impedié- 





I. ZnjUury. 9. blow. 
2. had bivouacked. 10. weakness. 

' 3. Perfect third pers. plur. 11. in... nostrés: ufonour 
4. brought around. rear. 
5. ladders, abl. abs. with ad- 12. Accusative. 

motis. ' 13. quodcumque subsidid: 
6. missiles, abl. of means. whatever in the way of help. 
7. crowded around. | 14. carried away. 


. 8. fo a great extent. 15. retreat. ) i 


‘, 





a ee Le ee ee eee Le ee ee en ee 


CAESAR, CIVIL WAR, BOOK III 133 


batur. In ed proelio cum gravi vulnere esset affectus’ 
aquilifer et 4 viribus’ déficerétur,’ cOnspicatus equités 
nostroés, ‘ Hanc * ego,’ inquit, ‘et vivus multds per annds 
magna diligentia défendi et nunc moriéns eadem fidé 
Caesari restitud. Nolite, obsecr6,° committere, quod 
ante in exercitti Caesaris non accidit, ut rei militaris 
dédecus admittatur,* incolumemque ad eum déferte.’ 
Hdc casi aquila conservatur omnibus primae cohortis 
centurionibus interfectis praeter principem priorem. 


Both Caesar and Pompey come to help. . 


65. Iamque Pompéiani magna’ caede nostrorum 
castris Marcellini appropinquabant non mediocri terrodre 
illat6 reliquis cohortibus,* et M. Antonius, qui proxi- 
mum locum praesididrum tenébat, ea .ré niintiata cum 
cohortibus x11 déscendéns ex locd superidre cernébatur. 


15Cuius adventus Pompéidnds compressit nostrdsque 


firmavit, ut sé® ex maximo timodre colligerent. Neque 
mult6 post Caesar significatisne per” castella fiimd 
facta, ut erat superidris temporis cdnsuétidd, déductis 
quibusdam cohortibus ex praesidiis eddem vénit. Qui 


2z0cognits détriment6 cum animadvertisset Pompéium 


extra miunitidnés €gressum secundum " mare, ut ” liberé 


-pabulari posset nec“ minus aditum navibus habéret, 





dédecus, dédecoris, n., dzsgrace. comprim6, -ere, -pressi, -pressum, 
check. 

1. afflicted. tendant circumstance. 
‘2. Personified and hence abl. 8. Dat. with illato. 

of agent. g. sé colligerent: recovered. 
3. was abandoned. ° 10. per castella: from one re- 
4. Sc. aquilam. doubt to another. 
5. zmplore. 11. Prep., along. 
6. be committed. 12. ut .. . habéret: result. 
7+ magna caede: abl. of at- 13. nec minus: and yet. — 


134. SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


commitata ratione belli, quoniam prdpositum! n6én 
tenuerat, castra:iuxta Pompéium minire’? iussit. 


Pompey sends a legion to seize an abandoned camp. 


66. Qua perfecta miunitidne animadversum est 4 


speculatoribus Caesaris cohortés quasdam, quod ®* in- 


5 star‘ legiOnis vidérétur, esse post silvam et in vetera 


castra diici. Castrdrum hic situs® erat. Superidribus 
diébus nona Caesaris legid cum sé obiécisset Pompéianis 


‘cOplis atque opere, ut démoOnstravimus, circummi- 


niret,® castra ed loco posuit. Haec silvam quandam 


10 contingébant neque longius 4 mari passibus ccc aberant. 


Post mitatd consilis quibusdam dé causis Caesar paulo 


ultra eum locum castra transtulit, paucisque intermissis 
diébus eadem’ Pompéius occupaverat et, quod ed loco 
plirés erat legidnés habitirus, relict6* interidre vallo 


I5 maiorem adiécerat minitio6nem. Ita minora castra in- 


cliisa maiGdribus® castelli atque arcis locum obtinébant. 
Item ab anguld castrorum sinistr6 minitisnem ad flimen 
perdiixerat, circiter passiis cccc, quo liberius ac sine peri- 
culd milités aquarentur. Sed is quoque mutatd consilio 


zoquibusdam dé causis, quas commemorari necesse non est, 


. 


ed locd excesserat. Ita complirés diés inania manserant 
castra; minitidnés quidem omnés integrae erant. 


propositum, -i, n., Alan. close. 
mito, 1, change. aquor, 1, get water. 
incliidd, -ere, -clisi, -cliisum, 7v- inanis, -e, eply. 





I. propositum non tenuerat: 4. the equal of. 

had not carried out his plan (of 5. location. 

blockade). 6. Sc. eas, referring to cOpias. 
2. Sc. suds as subject. 7. Sc. castra. 
3. Attracted from gender and 8. left standing. 

number of cohortés to gender and 9. Sc. castris. 


number of instar. 10. 72 this condition. 





ee" 5 ee 


ae.) ev ee eee ee 


eo eg ae OT, Se eo ea ee ee ee ae 


CAESAR, CIVIL WAR, BOOK III 135 


The camp is reached but is attacked by Caesar. 

67. EG! signé legidnis illato speculatorés Caesari re- 
nintidrunt.2. Hoc idem visum ex superidribus quibus- 
dam castellis c6nfirmavérunt. Is locus aberat 4 novis 
Pompéi castris circiter passis pv. Hanc legidnem 
spérans Caesar sé opprimere posse et cupiéns eius diéi 
détrimentum sarcire, reliquit in opere cohortés duas, 
quae speciem minitidnis praebérent; ipse diverso iti- 
nere quam potuit occultissimé reliquas cohortés, numero 
XXXIII, in quibus erat legid nona multis amissis cen- 


roturidnibus déminitdque militum numeroé, ad legidnem 


Pompéi castraque minora duplici acié édiixit. Neque 
eum prima opinio fefellit.2 Nam et pervénit prius, 
quam Pompéius sentire posset, et tametsi erant miini- 
tidnés castrodrum magnae, tamen sinistr6 cornu, ubi erat 


15ipse, celeriter aggressus Pompéiands ex vallo déturba- 


vit. Erat obiectus portis Gricius. Hic paulisper est 
pugnatum, cum irrumpere‘ nostri conarentur, illi castra 
défenderent, fortissimé T. Pilidne, cuius opera prddi- 
tum® exercitum C. Antoni démonstravimus, é loco pro- 


20 pugnante. Sed tamen nostri virtiite vicérunt excisoOque 


€ricid prim6 in maidra castra, post etiam in castellum, 
quod erat incliisum mai6dribus castris, irrtipérunt et, 
quod ed® pulsa legid sésé recéperat, ndnnillds ibi— 
repugnantés ‘ interfécérunt. 


sarcid, -ire, sarsi, sartum, ve- excidd, -ere, -cidi, -cisum, cut 
pair. down. 
éricius, -i, m., log set with spikes. 





‘1. Adverb. 


4. rush tn. 
2. Sc. rem, referring to signd 5. betrayed. 
. ilats. 6. Adv., modifies rec&éperat. 
3. did disappoint. 7. Accusative. 


136 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


Caesar’s men mistake an outlying wall for the camp. 


68. Sed fortiina, quae plirimum potest cum in reli- 
quis rébus tum praecipué in belld, parvis mdmentis ! 
magnas rérum commitatidnés efficit; ut tum accidit. 
Minitionem, quam pertinére 4 castris ad flimen supra 

5 démonstravimus, dextri Caesaris cornis cohortés ign6- 
rantia loci sunt seciitae, cum portam quaererent castro- 
rumque eam miunitidnem esse arbitrarentur. Quod? 
cum esset animadversum, conitinctam esse fliimini, pro- 
rutis* minitidnibus défendente niullo transcendérunt, 

10 omnisque noster equitatus eas cohortés est seciitus. 


Pompey comes up with help and Caesar’s men are panic-stricken. 


69. Interim Pompéius hac satis longa interiecta mora 
et ré nintiata v legidnés ab opere déductas subsidi6 
suis diixit, eddemque tempore equitatus eius nostris | 
equitibus appropinquabat, et aciés instriicta a nostris, 

15qui castra occupaverant, cernébatur, omniaque sunt 
subit6 mitata. Legiso Pompéiana celeris spé subsidii 
confirmata ab decumana porta resistere conabatur atque 
ultrd in nostrds impetum faciébat. Equitatus Caesaris, 
quod angustd‘ itinere per® aggerés ascendébat, re- 
2oceptui® sud timéns initium fugae faciébat. Dextrum 
corni, quod erat 4 sinistr6 sécliisum, terrdre equitum 
animadverso, né’ intra minitidnem opprimerétur, ea* 


igndrantia, -ae, f., <zorance. séclid6, -ere, -clidi, -cliisum, s/ut 


off, separate. 





5. over. 

6. receptui sud timéns: /ear- 
ing for their retreat. 

7. né...opprimerétur: © pur- 


1. zncidents. 

2. Explained by coniiinctam 
... flimini, which has mini- 
tidnem (understood) as subject. 


3. lorn down. 
4. angustd itinere: 
breach, : 


z.e. the: 


pose of sésé recipiébat. 
8. ea parte : 2.0, 
breach, 


by the 





CAESAR, CIVIL WAR, BOOK III 137 


parte, quam proruerat, sésé recipiébat, ac plérique ex 
his, né in angustias inciderent, ex x pedum minitidne 
sé in fossas praecipitabant, primisque oppressis“ reliqui 
per horum corpora saliitem sibi atque exitum pariébant.? 
5 Sinistrd corni milités, cum ex* vall6 Pompéium adesse 
et suds fugere cernerent, veriti, né angustiis interclide- 
rentur, cum extra et intus hostem habérent, eddem,* quo 
vénerant, recepti sibi coOnsulébant, omniaque erant 
tumultiis, timGdris, fugae pléna, adeo® ut, cum Caesar 
1osigna fugientium mani prénderet et cOnsistere iubé 
ret, alii eodem ® cursii fugerent, aliiex metii etiam signa 
dimitterent, neque quisquam omnino cOnsisteret. 


The same outlying wall proves the salvation of Caesar’s men. 


70. His tantis malis haec’ subsidia succurrébant,* 
quo® minus omnis délérétur exercitus, quod Pompéius 
15 insidias timéns, créd6, quod haec praeter spem accide- 
rant eius, qui pauld ante ex castris fugientés suds cdn- 
spéxerat, minitidnibus appropinquare aliquamdit ” non 
audébat, equitésque eius angustiis atque™ his ab Cae- 
saris militibus occupatis ad ” insequendum tardabantur." 


praecipité, 1, throw headlong. 





1. trampled to death. 
2. won. clause. 
3. ex vallé: modifies cerne- 8. aided. 

rent. Qg. qué, etc.: 72 preventing 
4. eddem recepti sibi con- ‘the whole army from being de- 


7. Explained by the quod 








sulébant: ‘they looked out for 
themselves by retreating over the 
same path by which they had 


. COME. 


5. So much so. 
6. eddem cursit: 
same speed, 


with the 


stroyed. 
10. for some time. 
11. atque his occupatis: and 


by the fact that these were seized. 


12. ad insequendum: zz (re- 
gard to) their pursutt. 
13. were checked. 


138 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 
Ita parvae rés magnum in utramque partem mdmen- 
tum? habuérunt. Miinitidnés enim 4 castris ad flimen 
perductae expugnatis iam castris Pompéi propriam’” 
expeditamque Caesaris victdriam  interpellavérunt,? 
5 eadem rés celeritate iInsequentium tardata nostris 
saliitem attulit. 


Caesar’s losses. Pompey saluted as Imperator. Cruelty of Labienus. 


71. Dudbus his inius diéi proeliis Caesar désideravit * ~ 
milités DCCCCLX et n6tds equités ROmands Fleginatem 
Titicanum Gallum, senatéris filium, C. Fleginatem Pla- 

rocentia,®> A. Granium Puteolis, M. Sacrativirum Capua, 
tribinds militum, et centuridnés xxxil; sed horum 
omnium pars magna in fossis munitidnibusque et fli- . 
minis ripis oppressa sudrum in terrore ac fuga sine ulld 
vulnere interiit: signaque sunt militaria amissa XXXII. 
15 Pompéius e6 proelis imperator est appellatus. Hoc 
nomen obtinuit atque ita sé posted salitari passus est; 
sed in litteris numquam scribere est® solitus, neque in 
fascibus insignia’ laureae praetulit. At Labiénus, cum 
ab ed impetravisset, ut sibi captivds tradi iubéret, 
20omnés*® prdductds*® ostentatidnis, ut vidébatur, causa, 


salits, 1, greet, hal. 

fascis, fascis, m., in plu. fasces, 
a bundle of rods inclosing an 
ax, a symbol of authority. 


laurea, -ae, f., the laurel tree, 
laurel wreath. 

ostentatid, ostentatiinis, f., dzs- 
play. 





1. influence. 

2. propriam expeditamque: 
complete and easy. 

3. prevented. 

4. lost. 

5. from Placentia. 

6. est solitus: 
tomed. 


was accus- 


7. Insignia praetulit: ad 
the decoration of laurel wreath 
carried before him. 

8. Obj. of appellans, interro- 
gans, and interfécit. : 

9. productis causa: after 
they had been led out for the 
sake. 


CAESAR, CIVIL WAR, BOOK. III 139 


quo! maior perfugae fidés habérétur, commilit6nés ” 
appellans et magna* verborum contumélia interrogans, 
solérentne veterani milités fugere, in omnium conspectii 
interfécit. 

Pompeys men are prematurely elated, 

5 72. His rébus tantum fidiiciae* ac spiritiis® Pom- 
péianis accessit, ut non dé ratidne belli cdgitarent, sed 
vicisse iam vidérentur. Non® illi paucitatem’ nostro- 
rum militum, non iniquitatem loci atque angustias prae- 
occupatis ® castris et ancipitem terrorem intra extraque 

1ominitidnés, ndn abscisum® in duds partés exercitum, 
cum altera alteri auxilium ferre n6n posset, causae” 
fuisse cogitabant. Non ad haec addébant, n6n con- 
cursi acri factd, non proelis dimicatum,"  sibique ” 
ipsos” multitidine atque angustiis maius attulisse dé- 

15trimentum, quam ab hoste accépissent, non dénique 
commineés belli casts * recordabantur,“ quam parvulae * 
saepe causae vel falsae * suspiciOnis vel terroris repenti- 
ni vel obiectae ” religidnis magna détrimenta:intulissent, 
quotiéns vel ducis vitio * vel culpa” tribuni in exercitu 





commilitd, commilitinis, m., fe/- interrog6, 1, ask. 





1 low soldier. 
1. quo... habérétur: hat 9. cut. 
greater confidence might be 10. causae fuisse: had been 
placed in him though a deserter. the cause (of our fight). 
2. Appositive with omnés. 11. Sc. esse: impersonal. 
3. magna contumélia : 12. Refer to Caesar’s men. 








with most insulting words. 

4. confidence. 

5. pride. 

6. Emphatic. 

7. paucitatem, etc.: subjects 
of fuisse. 

8. praeoccupatis castris: due 
to the fact that the enemy had 
previously occupied the camp. 


13- Explained by the indir. 
questions following. 

14. aid recollect. 

15. slight. 

16. groundless. 

17. Obiectae religiénis: of of- 
posing religious scruples. 

18. mistake. 

19. fault. 


140 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


esset* off€énsum; sed proinde® ac si virttite vicissent 


neque ulla commutatio rérum posset accidere, per or- - 


bem * terrarum fama ac litteris vict6riam eius diéi con- 
celebrabant. 


Caesar encourages his troops. 


5s 73. Caesar a superidribus consiliis dépulsus omnem 
sibi commitandam belli ratisnem existimavit. Itaque 


ino tempore praesidiis omnibus déductis et oppugna-_ 


tidne dimissa coactoque in Unum locum exercitii cdn- 
tidnem ‘ apud milités habuit hortatusque est, né ea, quae 
roaccidissent, graviter ferrent, néve his rébus terrérentur 
multisque secundis proeliis finum adversum et® id 
mediocre oppodnerent.6 Habendam fortiinae gratiam, 
quod Italiam sine aliqué vulnere cépissent, quod duds 
Hispanias bellicdsissimorum hominum peritissimis atque 
15 exercitatissimis ducibus pacavissent, quod finitimas fri- 
mentariasque prodvinciads in potestatem redégissent; 
dénique ‘recordari débére, qua félicitate inter medias 
hostium classés opplétis ndn sdlum portibus sed etiam 


litoribus omnés incolumés essent transportati. Si n6dn— 


20omnia caderent secunda, fortinam esse industria suble- 
vandam.’ Quod ® esset acceptum détrimenti, cuiusvis? 
potius quam suae culpae débére tribui.. Locum sé 
aequum ad dimicandum dedisse, potitum esse hostium 


concelebro, 1, Aroclaim. industria, -ae, f., diligence, ac- 
opples, -ére, -plévi, -plétum, ///. tivity, zeal. 





1. esset offénsum: harm had 6. set. . . over against. 
been done. 7. help. : 

2. proinde ac si: just as zf. 8. quod... détrimenti: sub- 

3. orbemterrarum : the world. ject of débére tribui. 

4. speech. g. Possessive gen., modifying 


5. et id mediocre: aud that a _  culpae, which is indir. obj. of 
slight one. | tribui. 


CAESAR, CIVIL WAR, BOOK Ill I4I 
castris, expulisse ac superasse pugnantés.’ Sed sive 
ipsOrum perturbatio sive error aliquis sive etiam forttina 
partam? iam praesentemque victdriam interpellavisset, 
dandam omnibus operam, ut acceptum incommodum 

5 virtite sarcirétur;* quod si esset factum, futirum ut 
détrimentum in bonum verteret, uti‘ ad Gergoviam. 
accidisset, atque ei, qui ante dimicare timuissent, ultrd 
sé proelio offerrent. 


They become zealous. ; 
74. Hac habita contidne nonnillos signiferds ign6- 
1ominia® notavit ac loco mo6vit. Exercitui quidem omni 
tantus incessit ex incommodo6 dolor tantumque studium 
infamiae ® sarciendae, ut ném6 aut tribini aut centuris- 
nis imperium désideraret,’ et sibi quisque etiam poenae 
locd gravidrés imponeret labérés simylque omnés ardé- 
15 rent *® cupiditate® pugnandi. Cum superioris etiam 6rdi- 
nis nonnilli 6ratisne permdti manendum e6 loco et rem 
proelio committendam existimarent, contra’ ea Caesar 
neque satis militibus perterritis confidébat spatiumque 
interpOnendum ad recreandds animods putabat, et re- 
20 lictis "" miinitidnibus magnopere rei frimentariae timé- 
bat. : 





perturbatio, perturbatidnis, f. ; cf. 
perturbo. 
error, erroris, m., 7zzs¢take. 


notd, 1, designate with a mark, 
brand, censure. 
recred, 1; cf. creo. 





1. Object. 

2. partam praesentem- 
que: already won and in their 
grasp. . 

3: repair. 

4. as. 

5. disgrace. 


aishonor. 

waited for. 

burned. 

. eager desire. 

10. contra ea: on ‘the other 
hand. 

11. znasmuch as he had left. 


was oO 


142 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


Caesar withdraws from the stege with Pompey following close behind. 


75. Itaque nulla interposita mora, saucidrum modo! 
et aegrorum habita ratidne, impedimenta omnia silentid 
prima nocte ex castris Apolloniam praemisit. Haec? 
conquiéscere ante iter confectum vetuit.2 His tina legia 

5 missa praesidid est. His explicitis rébus duas in castris 
legionés retinuit, reliquas dé quarta vigilia compliribus 
portis éductas eddem itinere praemisit parvoque spatio 
intermiss6, ut et militare institutum servarétur et quam 

-sérissimé* eius profectid cOgndscerétur, conclamari° 
1oiussit statimque égressus et novissimum agmen cOnse- 
ciitus celeriter ex cOnspectii castro6rum discessit. Neque 
véro Pompéius cognit6 cdnsilid eius moram ullam ad in- 
sequendum intulit, sed id® spectans,’ si itinere impedi- 
tds perterritos déprehendere® posset, exercitum € castris 

15 éduxit equitatumque praemisit ad novissimum agmen 
démorandum,’? neque cénsequi potuit, quod multum ex- 
pedit6d itinere antecesserat Caesar. 


Pompey finally changes his plan. 


77. Posterd dié Caesar similiter praemissis prima 
nocte impedimentis dé quarta vigilia ipse égreditur, ut, 
20si qua esset imposita dimicandi necessitas, subitum 
casum expedit6 exercitii subiret.° Hoc idem reliquis 
conquiéscd, -ere, -quiévi,-quiétum, explicd, -dre, -avi (-ui), -atum 


rest. (-itum), arrange. 
similiter, 2 lke manner. 





1. modo habita ratidne: szm- 6. Explained by si... 
ply making provision for. posset. 

2. 2.é¢. the baggage train. 7. having in view. 

3. forbade. 8. catch. 

4. latest. ; 9. delay. 


5. the signal to be given. 10. meet. 








CAESAR, CIVIL WAR, BOOK III o£ 


fécit diébus. Quibus rébus perfectum est, ut altissimis 4 
fliminibus atque impeditissimis itineribus nillum acci- 
peret incommodum. Pompéius primi diéi mora? illata 
et reliquérum diérum fristra labore suscept6 cum® sé 
5 magnis itineribus extenderet et praegressods cOnsequi 
cuperet, quarto dié finem sequendi fécit atque aliud sibi 
consilium capiendum existimavit. 


Caesar goes to Apollonia. Pompey makes for the same goal, 


78. Caesari ad saucids dépdnendés, stipendium exer- 
citui dandum, socids confirmandés, praesidium urbibus 
1orelinqguendum necesse erat adire Apoll6niam. Pom- 
péius quoque dé Caesaris cénsilid coniectira itidicans ad 
Scipionem properandum sibi existimabat: si Caesar iter 
ill6* habéret, ut subsidium Scipidni ferret; si ab dra 
maritima Oricdque discédere ndllet, quod legidnés 
Isequitatumque ex Italia exspectaret, ipse ut omnibus 
copiis Domitium aggrederétur. 


Domitius barely escapes from Pompey and joins Caesar. 


79. His dé causis uterque edrum celeritati studébat, 
et suis ut esset auxilid, et ad opprimendods adversarids 
né occasidni® temporis deesset. Sed Caesarem Apolld- 

20 nia a diréct6 itinere averterat ; Pompéius per Candaviam 
iter in Macedoniam expeditum habébat. Accessit® etiam 
ex improviso aliud incommodum, quod’ Domitius, qui diés 


extend6d, -ere, -tendi, -tentum praegredior; cf. égredior. 
(-ténsum), stretch; with sé, ex- coniectura, -ae, f., zz ference. 





ert one’s self. adversarius, -i, m., ezemy. 
1. altissimis, etc.: abl. abs. 4. Adverb. 

denoting concession. 5. occdsidnitemporis: /avor- 
2. mora illata, labore sus- dle chance. 

ceptd : abl. abs. denoting cause. 6. was added. 


3. Concessive. 7. namely that. 


144. »SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


complirés castris Scipidnis castra collata' habuisset, rei 
friumentariae causa ab ed discesserat et Héracliam, quae 
-est subiecta? Candaviae, iter fécerat, ut ipsa fortiina 
illum * obicere Pompéio vidérétur. Haec ad id tempus 
5 Caesar ignorabat. Simul a Pompéio litteris per omnés 
provincias civitatésque dimissis dé proelid ad Dyrrha- 
chium facto latius inflatiusque multd, quam‘ rés erat 
gesta, fama percrébuerat pulsum® fugere Caesarem 
paene omnibus copiis amissis. Haec® itinera infesta 
1oreddiderat, haec civitatés ndnnillas ab eius amicitia — 
-avertébat. Quibus accidit rébus, ut pliribus dimissi’ 
itineribus 4 Caesare ad Domitium et 4 Domitid ad Cae- 
sarem nilla ratidne iter conficere possent. Sed Allo- 
brogés,® Raucilli atque Egi familiarés, quos perfiigisse ad 
15 Pompéium démoOnstravimus,? cdnspicati in itinere ex- 
ploratorés Domiti, seu pristina” sua consuétiidine, quod 
ina in Gallia bella gesserant, seu gloria" élati ciincta, ut 
erant acta, exposuérunt et Caesaris profectisnem, adven- 
tum Pompéi docuérunt. A quibus Domitius certior fac- 
20 tus vix IV horarum spatid antecédéns ” hostium beneficis 
periculum vitavit et ad Aeginium, quod est adiectum * 
appositumque Thessaliae, Caesari venienti occurrit. | 


inflatius, wth more exaggera-  percrébrésco, -ere, -crébrui (-cré- 


tion. 


bui),——, de spread abroad. 


- infestus, -a, -um, dangerous. 





1. brought together, i.e. near 
Lo. | 
2. brought close, i.e. next to. - 

3- illum obicere: fo put him 
in the way of. 


4. quam... gesta: than 
the facts warranted. 
5. pulsum...amissis: indir. 


disc.. depending on fama. 
6. = fama. 


7. Sc. niintii. 
8. certain Allobroges. 
9. ‘See p. 129; L2. 
10. pristind sua cOnsuétidine : 
because of their former intimacy. 
11. gloria lati: puffed up by 
the glory (they had won). 
12. getting the start. 
13. adiectum appositumque: 
near and bordering upon. 


CAESAR, CIVIL WAR, BOOK III -145 


Caesar storms Gomphit. 


80. Coniitincto exercitti Caesar Gomphds pervénit, 
quod est oppidum primum Thessaliae venientibus* ab 
Epird ; quae géns paucis ante ménsibus ultrd ad Cae- 
sarem légatds miserat, ut suis omnibus facultatibus 

5 uterétur, praesidiumque ab eo militum petierat. Sed 
eo fama iam praecurrerat,? quam supra docuimus, dé 
proelio Dyrrhachino, quod* multis auxerat partibus. 
Itaque Androsthenés, praetor Thessaliae, cum sé vic- 
tdriae Pompéi comitem esse mallet quam socium Cae- 

1oSaris in rébus adversis, omnem ex agris multitidinem 
servorum ac liberorum in oppidum coégit portasque prae- 
clidit et ad Scipidnem Pompéiumque niuntids mittit, ut 
sibi subsidid veniant: sé confidere munitidnibus oppidi, 
si celeriter succurratur;* longinquam oppugnationem 

I5sustinére ndn posse. Scipid discessi exercituum ab 
Dyrrhachio cdgnito Larisam legidnés addixerat; Pom- 
péius nondum Thessaliae appropinquabat. Caesar 
castris munitis scalas® miusculdsque® ad repentinam 
oppugnationem fieri et cratés’? parari iussit. Quibus 

20 rébus effectis cohortatus milités docuit, quantum * isum 
habéret ad sublevandam omnium rérum inopiam potiri® 








comes, comitis, m. and f., com- 
 panion, associate, partaker, 
sharer. 


malo, malle, malui, refer. 
praeclido, -ere, -cltsi, -cliisum, 
shut. 





I. as you come. 

2. Cf. curro. 

3. quod... . partibus: which 
wz (fama) had increased many 
times. 

4. some one would hurry to 
help. 

5. ladders. 


_ SECOND YEAR LATIN—IO 


6. sheds. 

7. wicker hurdles. 

8. quantum habéret,_ etc.: 
how great a help toward reliev- 
ing, etc., 74 would bring to gain 
Possesston of. | 

9. potiri, inferre, fieri: sub- 


jects of habéret. 


146 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


oppid6d plénd atque opulentd, simul reliquis civitatibus 
huius urbis exempl6' inferre terrdrem et id fieri cele- 
riter, priusquam auxilia concurrerent. Itaque isus 


me Pa 


a eee ee ee ee 


singulari militum studi eddem, qué vénerat, dié post — 


5 horam nonam oppidum altissimis * moenibus oppugnare 


aggressus ante sdlis occasum expugnavit et ad diripien-. 


dum * militibus concessit statimque ab oppid6d castra 
mOovit et Métropolim vénit, sic ut nuntios expugnati 4 
oppidi famamque antecéderet. 


The other surrounding states surrender. 


10 81. Métropolitae primum® eddem isi cdnsilid isdem 
permoti rumoribus portas clausérunt murdsque armatis 
complévérunt; sed postea casi civitatis Gomphénsis 
cognit6 ex. captivis, quos Caesar ad murum prddiicendés 
curaverat, portas aperuérunt. Quibus diligentissimé 

15cOnservatis collata® fortiina Métropolitum’ cum casi 
Gomphénsium nila Thessaliae fuit civitas praeter Lari- 
saeds, qui magnis exercitibus Scipidnis tenébantur, quin * 
Caesari paréret atque imperata faceret. Ille® iddneum 
locum in agris nactus plénis frimento6rum,” quae prope 

2zolam matira erant, ibi adventum exspectare Pompéi 
edque “ omnem belli” ratisnem conferre constituit. 


opulentus, -a, -um; cf. Eng. opulent. 





1. warning example. 7. = Métropolitarum. 


2. altissimis moenibus: abl. 8: quin paréret: dut that 
of description with oppidum. obeyed. 3 

3. plundering. ‘9. 2.e. Caesar. 

4. expugnati oppidi: of the 10. Note the plural. 
storming of the town. rr. e0 cOnferre: ¢ransfer to 

5. Here = atjirst. - that place. 

6. collata cum: compared 12. belli ratidnem: zsswe of 
with. the campaign. 


oe ee ee a a 


a i a 


I 


CAESAR, CIVIL WAR, BOOK III 147 


Pompey and Scipio join forces. The Pompetans quarrel over the booty as 
though the victory were already won. 

82. Pompéius paucis post diébus in Thessaliam per- 
venit contidnatusque * apud ciinctum exercitum suis agit 
gratias, Scipidnis milités cohortatur, ut parta? iam 
victoria praedae ac praemiorum velint esse participés, * 

5 receptisque omnibus in tina castra legidnibus suum cum 
Scipione hon6rem partitur classicumque apud eum cani 
et alterum ‘ illi iubet praetorium tendi.* Auctis cdpiis 
Pompéi dudbusque magnis exercitibus coniiinctis pristina 
omnium confirmatur opinid et spés victdriae augétur, 

1oaded ut, quidquid intercéderet temporis, id morari redi- 
tum in Italiam vidérétur, et® si quandd quid Pompéius 
tardius aut consideratius faceret, Unius’ esse negdtium 
dia, sed illum ® délectari imperid et consularés praeto- 
ridsque® servorum habére numero dicerent.” -Iamque 

15 inter sé palam dé praemiis ac sacerdotiis contendébant 

in” anndsque consulatum” définiébant,” alii domds 
bonaque edorum, qui in castris erant Caesaris, petébant ; 

-magnaque inter eos in consilid fuit controversia, oporté- 








‘ = 


ORE ge ee ee ee ee ee ey 
wd : 


partior, 4, divide. 

classicum, -1, n., ¢rumpet call. 

cano, -ere, cecini, cantum, szzg, 
sound. 

praetorium, -1, n., gezeral’s tent. 


consideraté, delzberately. 

délecto, 1, delight. 

consularis, cOnsularis, m., ¢2-con- 
sul. 

sacerdotium, -i, n., Drzesthood. 





. after making an address. 
. gained. 
. sharers. 
. @ second. 
. pitch. 
Connects 
dicerent. 

7, Unius ... diei: “was a 


Anf WD 


vidérétur and 


task of but a single day ; depends - 


on dicerent. 


8. illum délectari imperio: 
he was too much pleased with his 
command. 

9. ¢x-praetors. 

10. they said (in psliien’. 

Ir. in anndsque: and for 
years ahead. 

12. consulship. 

13. established. 


148 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


retne Liicilit Hirri, quod? is 4 Pompéid ad Parthds 
missus esset, proximis comitiis* praetOoriis absentis ra- 
tisnem habéri, cum eius necessarii fidem implérarént 
Pompéi, praestaret, quod proficiscenti recépisset, né per 
5 elus auctoritatem déceptus vidérétur, reliqui, in labore 
pari ac periculd né tnus omnés antecéderet, reciisarent. 


Pompey finally offers battle, 

85. Pompéius, qui castra in colle habébat, ad infimas 
radicés montis aciem instruébat,* semper, ut vidébatur, 
exspectans°® si iniquis locis Caesar sé subiceret. Caesar 

ronulla ratione ad pugnam €élici® posse Pompéium existi- 
mans, hanc sibi commodissimam belli ratidnem ‘ itidica- 
vit, uti castra ex ed loc6 movéret, semperque esset in 
itineribus, haec* spectans, ut movendis castris pluribus 
adeundis locis commodiore ré friimentaria wtterétur, 
15Simulque in itinere ut aliquam occasidnem dimicandi 
nanciscerétur et insolitum ad labdrem Pompéi exercitum 
cotidianis itineribus défatigaret.? His cOnstitiitis rébus, 
signd iam profectidnis datd tabernaculisque ® déténsis 
animadversum est paulo™ ante extra” cotidianam con- — 
20suétiidinem longius 4’ vall6 esse aciem Pompéi pro- — 
gressam, ut ™ non iniquo locd posse dimicari vidérétur. — 








eS ee ae eee Mere ee eT 


oe a 


ni. =. 








insolitus, -a, -um, wzaccustomed,  détendd, -ere,——, -ténsum, fake 
unusual. down. 
1. Licili Hirri: obj. gen. 7. Explained by uti... @ 
with ratidnem. movéret . . . esset. ; 
2. quod...esset: explains 8. Explained by the follow- — 
absentis. ing subjunct. clauses. 
3. elections. 9. exhaust. 
4. Imperf., denoting repeated 10. cents. 
action. . 11. pauld ante: adv., modi- — 
5. exspectans si: wating to fying esse progressam, : 
see whether. : 12. contrary to. 


6. lure out. 4 13. ut... vidérétur: so that 





CAESAR, CIVIL WAR, BOOK III 149 


Tunc Caesar apud suds, cum iam esset agmen in portis, 
‘ Differendum est,’ inquit, ‘iter in’ praesentia nobis et 
dé proelid cdgitandum, sicut semper dépoposcimus. 
Anim6? simus ad dimicandum parati: non facile oc- 
5 casiOnem postea reperiémus;’ coOnfestimque expeditas 
copias édicit. 
Pompey expects to win with his cavalry. 

86. Pompéius quoque, ut posted cognitum est, sudrum 
omnium hortatu statuerat proelid décertare. Namque 
etiam in consilid superidribus diébus dixerat, priusquam 

ro concurrerent aciés, fore uti exercitus Caesaris pellerétur. 
Id cum essent plérique admirati, ‘Scid mé,’ inquit, 
‘paene incrédibilem rem pollicéri; sed ratidnem* c6n- 
silii mei accipite, quo firmidre animé in proelium prédea- 
tis. Persuasi equitibus nostris (idque mihi factirds 

15 cOnfirmavérunt) ut, cum propius sit accessum, dextrum 
Caesaris corni ab latere aperto aggrederentur et cir- 
cumventa ab tergOd acié prius perturbatum exercitum 
pellerent, quam 4 nobis télum in hostem iacerétur. Ita 
sine periculo legidnum et paene sine vulnere bellum 

20cOnficiémus. Id autem difficile non est, cum tantum 
equitati valeamus.’ Simul dénintiavit, ut essent animd 
parati in* posterum et, quoniam fieret dimicandi po- 
testas, ut® saepe cOgitavissent, né isi ® manique reli- 
quorum’ opinidnem fallerent.® 





déposco, -ere, -poposci, ; cf. hortatus, -fis, m., cf. hortor. 





posco. 
at seemed that a decisive battle 4. in posterum : for the future. 
could be fought in a place not 5. as. 
unfavorable (to Caesar). 6. tisii mantique: as to their 
1. in praesentia: forthe present. practice and power. , 
2. Abl. of specification. 7. 2.€. those not present. 


3. nature. «8. adtsappoint. 


150 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


Labienus speaks slightingly of Caesar’s troops. 


87. Hunc Labiénus excépit’ et, cum” Caesaris 
cOpias déspiceret, Pompéi cdnsilium summis laudibus 
efferret,* ‘Noli,’ inquit, ‘existimare, Pompéi,* hunc esse 
exercitum, qui Galliam Germaniamque dé€vicerit. Om- 

5 nibus interfui°® proeliis neque temeré incdgnitam rem 
pronintio. Perexigua® pars illius exercitiis superest; 
magna pars déperiit, quod accidere tot proeliis fuit 


necesse, multds autumni pestilentia in Italia cOnsimpsit, ~ 


multi domum discessérunt, multi sunt relicti in conti- 
ronenti.” An non audistis ex® iis, qui per causam valé- 
tidinis remansérunt, cohortés esse Brundisi factas? 
Hae cdpiae, quads vidétis, ex déléctibus h6rum anndrum 
in citeridre Gallia sunt refectae, et plérique sunt ex 
coloniis® Transpadanis. Ac tamen quod fuit rodboris 
15dudbus_ proeliis Dyrrhachinis interiit.. Haec cum 
dixisset, ilravit sé nisi victOrem in castra non reverst- 
rum reliqudsque, ut idem facerent, hortatus est. Hoc 
laudans Pompéius idem itravit; nec véro ex reliquis fuit 
quisquam, qui iurare dubitaret. Haec tum facta sunt in 
20 cOnsili6, magnaque spé et laetitia’? omnium discessum 
est; ac iam anim6 victodriam praecipiébant," quod dé ré 


dévincd, -ere, -vici, -victum; cf. pestilentia, -ae, f., Alague. 


a ee en Ne eee ee ee 


~ ‘, 
ee ee ee ee 


vinco. 
dépered, -ire, -perii, ——, ferish 
(from among them). 
autumnus, -i, m., autumn. 


déléctus, -iis, m., draft. 

rdbor, roboris, n., oak, vigor, 
strength. 

laudo, I, Drazse. 





1. followed. 

2. cum... déspiceret: whzle 
he showed his contempt for. 

3. extolled. 

4. Vocative. 

5. look part. 

6. very small. 


7. continenti (terra): contz- 
nent, z.é. Italy. 

8. ex iis: modifies esse fac- 
tas. 

9. colonies. 

10. oy. : 

11. anticipated, 


"a itl = 


Pe Ce 
w = gle Ree 





er 











CAESAR, CIVIL WAR, BOOK III I5I 


‘tanta et 4 tam perito imperatore nihil friistra con- 
firmari vidébatur. 
Pompey forms his battle line. 


88. Caesar, cum Pompéi castris appropinquasset, 
ad hunc modum aciem eius instrictam animadvertit. 
5 Erant in sinistro cornti legidnés duae traditae a Caesare 
initid dissénsidnis ex senatiis cdnsult6; quarum ina 
prima, altera tertia appellabatur. In ed locd ipse erat 
Pompéius. Mediam aciem Scipio cum legidnibus Syria- 
cis tenébat. Ciliciénsis legid conitincta cum cohortibus 
10 Hispanis, quas traductas ab Afranid docuimus, in dextrd 
corni erant collocatae. Has! firmissimas sé habére 
Pompéius existimabat. Reliquas inter aciem mediam 
cornuaque interiécerat numeroque cohortés cx explé- 
verat. Haec erant milia xLv, €vocatorum circiter duo,’ 
15 quae ex beneficiariis superidrum exercituum ad eum con- 
vénerant; quae tota acié disperserat. Reliquas cohortés 
VII in castris propinquisque castellis praesidio disposu- 
erat. Dextrum corni eius rivus* quidam impeditis 
ripis miiniébat; quam ob causam ciinctum equitatum, 
20sagittarios funditdrésque omnés in sinistro cornii obié- 
cerat. 
Caesar forms his battle line. 

89. Caesar superius ‘instittitum servans decimam legi- 
Onem in dextr6d corni, nonam in sinistrd collocaverat, 
tametsi® erat Dyrrhachinis proeliis vehementer attenuata. 

25et huic sic aditinxit octavam, ut paene inam ex duabus 


beneficiarius, -i, m., privileged attenud, 1, weaken. 





soldter. 
1. his... habére: these were 3. stream. 
the strongest he had. 4. former. 


2. Sc. milia. 5. although. 


152 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 





efficeret, atque alteram alteri praesidid esse iusserat. 
Cohortés in acié Lxxx cOnstitiitas habébat, quae summa! 
erat milium xxiI; cohortés 11 castris praesidio reliquerat. 
Sinistro corni Antodnium, dextro P. Sallam, media acié — 
s Cn. Domitium praeposuerat. Ipse contra Pompéium 
cénstitit. Simul his rébus animadversis, quas dém6n- — 





stravimus, timéns né a multitidine equitum dextrum 
corni circumvenirétur, celeriter ex tertia acié singulas* _ 
cohortés détraxit atque ex his quartam instituit equitatul- ~ . 

10 que opposuit et, quid fieri vellet, ostendit monuitque eius : 
diéi victo6riam in earum cohortium virtitite cOdnstare. 
Simul tertiae aciéi totique exercitui imperavit, né iniusst ~ 
suo concurreret: sé, cum id fieri vellet, véxill6* signum 
datiirum. 


Caesar addresses his army and gives signal for battle. 


1s go. Exercitum cum militari more ad pugnam cohorta- — 
rétur suaque in eum perpetui ‘ temporis officia praedica- 
ret,> imprimis commemoravit: Testibus sé militibus uti 
posse, quanto studid pacem petisset; quae per Vatinium 
in colloquiis, quae per A. Clédium cum Scipidne égisset, 
20 quibus modis ad Oricum cum Libdne dé mittendis léga- 
tis contendisset. Neque sé umquam abiti militum — 
sanguine neque rem publicam alterutr6 exerciti privare 


voluisse. Hac habita 6ratidne exposcentibus militibus et 
studis pugnae ardentibus tuba signum dedit. 





imprimis, esfecially. alteruter, -tra, -trum, ether. 
abitor, -i, -iisus sum, waste. privo, 1, deprive. “_ 
sanguis, sanguinis, m., blood. exposco ; cf. posco. | 
1. total. 4. perpetui temporis officia: 
2. one from each legion. . _—‘has constant services. : 


3. flag. 5. related. 





5 imperatori quam constituistis ’ operam date. 


‘CAESAR, CIVIL WAR, BOOK III 153 


Crastinus leads the charge upon Pompey. 


oi. Erat Crastinus évocatus in exercitu Caesaris, qui 
superiOre anno apud eum primum pilum in legione x 
duxerat, vir singulari virtute. Hic signo dato, ‘ Sequi- 
mini mé,’ inquit, ‘manipularés mei qui fuistis, et vestro 
Unum hoc 
proelium superest; quo codnfecto et ille? suam dignita- . 
tem* et nos nostram libertatem* recuperabimus.’® 
Simul respiciéns Caesarem, ‘ Faciam,’ inquit, ‘ hodié, 
imperator, ut aut vivo mihi aut mortud gratiads agas.’ 
1o Haec cum dixisset, primus ex dextrd corni procucurrit, 
atque eum élécti milités circiter cxx voluntarii eiusdem 
centuriae sunt proseciiti. mini AP 


- 


Pompey awaits the result. Caesar criticizes his tactics. 


92. Inter duds aciés tantum erat relictum spatii, ut 
satis esset ad concursum utriusque exercitis. Sed Pom- 


1s péius suis praedixerat, ut Caesaris impetum exciperent 


néve sé locO movérent aciemque eius distrahi pateren- 
tur; idque admonitii C. Triari fécisse dicébatur, ut 
primus excursus visque militum infringerétur aciésque 
distenderétur atque in suis ordinibus dispositi ® dispersds 


manipularis, -e, delonging to a 
maniple; as noun, soldier of a 
mantple, here comrade. 

hodié ; cf. hic + dié. 

élig6, -ere, -légi, -léctum, Azck. 

voluntarius, -a, -um, volunteer. 


centuria, -ae, f., century, company. 


praedico ; cf. dico. 
distraho ; cf. traho. 


admonitus, -iis, m.; cf. moneé. . 

excursus, -iis, m.; cf. currd. 

infringd, -ere,. -frégi, -fractum, 
break. 

distendo, -ere, -tendi, -tentum, 
throw into confusion. 

disp6n6; cf. pond. 

disperg6, -ere, -spersi, -spersum, 
scatter. 





1. Sc. dare. 
2. 2z.e. Caesar. 
3. rank, 


4. 2.é. from military service. 
5. recover. 
6, Refers to Pompey’s men, 


154 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


adorirentur; leviusque castira pila spérabat in locd re- 
tentis militibus, quam si ipsi immissis télis occur- 
rissent, simul fore,’ ut duplicat6 cursii Caesaris milités 
exanimarentur et lassitiidine? cdnficerentur. Quod 
5 nobis quidem nulla ratidne factum.a Pompéio vidétur, 
propterea quod* est quaedam animi incitatio atque 
alacritas natiraliter innata omnibus, quae studio pug- 
nae incenditur. Hanc non reprimere, sed augére im- 
peratérés débent; neque fristra antiquitus ‘ instititum — 
roest, ut signa® undique concinerent clamdremque ini- 
versi tollerent: quibus rébus et hostés terréri et suds 
incitari existimavérunt. 
Caesar’s men advance halfway, halt, and then attack. 


93. Sed nostri milités dat6 signd cum infestis ® pilis 
procucurrissent atque animadvertissent non’ concurri a 
15 Pompéianis, isi periti ac superidribus pugnis exercitati 
sua sponte cursum repressérunt et ad medium feré 
spatium constitérunt, né cOnsiimptis viribus appropinqua- 
rent, parvoque intermissO temporis spatid ac rirsus 
renovato cursii pila misérunt celeriterque, ut erat prae- 
zoceptum 4 Caesare, gladids strinxérunt. Neque véro 
Pompéiani huic rei défuérunt. Nam et téla missa ex- 
cépérunt * et impetum legidnum tulérunt et drdinés con 
servavérunt pilisque missis ad gladids rediérunt. Eodem 


leviter; cf. levis. 

incitatid, incitatidnis, f.; cf. incits. 
naturaliter, zaturally. 

reprimo, -ere, -pressi, -pressum ; 


cf. opprim6. 
concin6, -ere, -cinui, ——, sound. 
stringd, -ere, strinxi, strictum, 
draw. 





1. Depends on spérabat. 
2. Weariness. 


3. Refers to Pompey’s plan 


of battle. 
4. in former days. 


5. Nominative. 

6. threatening. 

7. non concurri: 2o attack was 
being made. 

8. z.¢. on their shields. 


Se 


a, 


ee) ea ee ee 


a ey ae a 








CAESAR, CIVIL WAR, BOOK III 


155 


tempore equités ab sinistro Pompéi cornu, ut erat im- 
peratum, Universi procucurrérunt, omnisque multitiids 


sagittaridrum sé profidit. 


Quérum impetum noster 


equitatus non tulit, sed paulatim locd métus cessit, 
5 equitésque Pompéi hoc 4crius instare et sé turmatim ex- 
plicare aciemque nostram a latere aperto circumire 
coepérunt. Quod ubi Caesar animadvertit, quartae 
aciéi, quam instituerat sex’ cohortium, dedit signum. 
Illi celeriter procucurrérunt infestisque signis tanta vi in 
10 Pompéi equités impetum fécérunt, ut eOrum ném6 con- 
sisteret omnésque conversi non sdlum loco excéderent, 
sed prodtinus incitati fuga montés altissimOs peterent. 
Quibus summOtis* omnés sagittaril funditorésque désti- 


tuti® inermés sine praesidio interfecti sunt. 


Edodem im- 


15 peti cohortés sinistrum cornu pugnantibus etiam tum 
ac resistentibus in acié Pompéianis circumiérunt edsque 


a tergo sunt adortt. 


The Pompeians are routed. Pompey shows himself a coward. 


94. Eoddem tempore tertiam aciem Caesar, quae 
quiéta fuerat et sé ad id tempus loco tenuerat, pro- 


20 currere iussit. 


Ita cum recentés atque integri défessis 


successissent, alii autem a terg6o adorirentur, sustinére 
Pompéiani non potuérunt atque Universi terga vertérunt. 
Neque véro Caesarem fefellit,* quin ab iis cohortibus, 
quae contra equitatum in quarta acié collocatae essent, 
25 initium victOriae orirétur, ut ipse in cohortandis militibus 


profund6, -ere, -fidi, -fisum, 
pour forth; with sé, rush 
forth. 


turmatim, dy sguadrons. 
explicd, -are, -Avi (-ul), -atum 
(-itum), spread out. 





1. sex cohortium: made up of 
six cohorts, modifies quam. 
2. dislodged. 


3. abandoned. 
4. did escape; the subject is 
the quin clause. 


156 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


pronuntiaverat. Ab his enim primum equitatus est 
pulsus, ab isdem factae caedés sagittaridrum ac fundito- 
rum, ab isdem aciés Pompéiana 4 sinistra parte cir- 
cumita atque initium fugae factum. Sed Pompéius, ut 


eae ee ee 


bine, 


5 equitatum suum pulsum vidit atque eam partem, cui 
maximé confidébat, perterritam animadvertit, aliis quo- 
que diffisus acié excessit protinusque sé in castra equo 
contulit et iis centuridnibis,’ quos in statidne ad praeto- 
riam* portam posuerat, claré, ut milités exaudirent, 

10‘ Tuémini,’ * inquit, ‘castra et défendite diligenter, si 
quid dirius acciderit. Ego reliquas portas circumed‘ 
et castrdrum praesidia cénfirms6.’* Haec cum dixisset, 
sé in praetorium® contulit, summae® rei diffidéns et 
tamen éventum exspectans. 


Caesar captures Pompey’s camp. 


15 95. Caesar Pompéianis ex fuga intra vallum-compul- 
sis nillum spatium’ perterritis dare oportére existimans 
milités cohortatus est, ut beneficio fortiinae uterentur 
castraque oppugnarent. Qui, etsi magnd® aesti (nam 
ad meridiem rés erat perducta), tamen ad omnem 

20laborem anim6o parati imperioO paruérunt.’? Castra a 
cohortibus, quae ibi praesidid erant relictae, industrié 
défendébantur, multo etiam acrius 4 Thracibus barbaris- 
que auxiliis. Nam qui acié refigerant milités, et animo 


diffidd, -ere, -fisus sum, desfazr  claré, loudly. 





of, distrust. industrié, actzvely. 
1. Modifies inquit. 6. summae rei: ‘the outcome 
2. praetoriam portam: front of the battle. 

gate. | 7. respite. 
3. protect. 8. magnod aesti: abl. abs. 


4. Pres. tense in sense of fut. introduced by etsi. _ 
5. the general’s tent. g. obeyed. 


rs ee ee ee 





CAESAR, CIVIL WAR, BOOK III 157 


perterriti et lassitidine confecti, missis! plérique armis 
signisque militaribus magis dé reliqua fuga quam dé 
castrorum défénsidne cogitabant. Neque? véro diitius, 
qui in vallo cdnstiterant, multitidinem tél6rum sustinére 
potuérunt, sed cdnfecti vulneribus locum reliquérunt 
protinusque omnés ducibus * isi centuridnibus tribinis- 
que militum in altissimd6s montés, ae ad castra pertiné- 
bant, configérunt. 


Caesar finds the camp luxuriously fitted up. Pompey escapes. 


96. In castris Pompéi vidére licuit trichilas strictas, 
1oMagnum argenti* pondus expositum, recentibus cespiti- 
bus® tabernacula® constrata, Luci etiam Lentuli et 
nonnillérum 7 tabernacula prdotécta edera, multaque 
praeterea, quae nimiam lixuriam et victdriae fidiiciam 
désignarent,*® ut facile existimari posset nihil eds dé 
15 Event eius diéi timuisse, qui n6n ® necessarias conquire- 
rent’ voluptatés. At hi miserrimd ac patientissimd 
exercitui Caesaris lixuriam obiciébant, cui semper omnia 
ad necessarium tsum défuissent. Pompéius, iam cum 
intra vallum nostri versarentur, equum nactus détractis ™ 
zoinsignibus imperatoris decumana porta sé ex castris 








trichila, -ae, f., ardor. 
struo, -ere, strixi, 
build. 

constern6, -ere, -stravi, -stratum, 


strictum, 


cover, pave. 

edera, -ae, f., zvy. 

nimius, -a, -um, foo much, exces- 
S2UVe. 





1. flung away. 
2. neque vero diitius: 
an fact not very long. 


and 


3. In. apposition with centu- 


ridnibus and tribiinis. 
4. silver plate. 
5. sods. 
6. tents. 


7. of some others. 
8. zudicated. 
g. nOn necessarias: wuneces- 
Sary. 
to. Cf. quaero. 
11. détractis insignibus impe- 
ratoris : removing the decorations 
that belonged to him as general. 


158 © SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


Giécit prdotinusque equo citato Larisam  contendit. 
Neque ibi constitit, sed eadem celeritate paucds! suds ex 
fuga nactus nocturnd itinere non intermiss6 comitati 
equitum triginta ad mare pervénit navemque friimen- 

5 tariam conscendit saepe, ut dicébatur, queréns tantum ? 
sé opinidnem fefellisse, ut, 4 quo genere hominum vic- 
tdriam spérasset, ab e6 initio fugae fact paene prédditus 
vidérétur. 


Pompey’s army retires to a hill and treats for peace. 


97. Caesar castris potitus 4 militibus contendit,’ né 
1oin praeda occupati reliqui* negodtii gerendi facultatem 
dimitterent. Qua ré impetrata montem opere circum- 
minire instituit. Pompéiani, quod is mOns erat sine 
aqua, diffisi ei locd relicts monte iiniversi iugis® eius 
Larisam versus sé recipere coepérunt. Qua ré ani- 
15 madversa Caesar copias suas divisit partemque legidnum 
in castris Pompéi remanére iussit, partem in sua castra 
remisit, quattuor sécum legidnés diixit commodidreque 
itinere Pompéianis occurrere coepit® et prdgressus 
milia passuum VI aciem instrixit. Qua ré animadversa 
20 Pompéiani in quodam monte constitérunt. Hunc mon- 
tem flimen subluébat.’? Caesar milités cohortatus, etsi 
tdtius diéi continenti lab6re erant confecti noxque iam 
suberat, tamen minitione flimen a monte séclisit, né 
nocti aquari® Pompéiani possent. Quod perfecto opere 





citatus, -a, -um, at full speed. versus, prep., toward. 
1. paucds suds: a few of his 4. Modifies negotii. 

own men. 5. iugis eius: along ds 
2. tantum ... fefellisse: ¢tat ridges, abl. of means. 

his expectations had so completely 6. started. 

disappointed him. | 7. washed the base of. 


3. earnestly requested of. 8. to get water. 


a a a ee 





CAESAR, CIVIL WAR, BOOK III 159 


illi dé déditione missis légatis agere coepérunt. Pauci 
Ordinis senatGrii, qui sé cum iis conilnxerant, nocte fuga 
saliitem petivérunt. 


After surrender, the Pompeians are pardoned by Caesar. 


98. Caesar prima lice omnés eds, qui in monte con- ~ 
5 sederant, ex superidribus locis in planitiem déscendere 
atque arma proicere iussit. Quod ubi sine recusatione 
fécérunt passisque palmis prdiecti ad terram flentés ab 
eo saliitem petivérunt, consolatus coOnsurgere iussit et 
pauca apud eds dé lénitate* sua locitus, quo minodre 
1oessent timdre, omnés cOnservavit militibusque suis com- 
mendavit, né qui edrum violarétur, neu quid sui désidera- 
rent.” Hac adhibita diligentia ex castris sibi legidnés 
alias occurrere et eas, quas sécum dixerat, in vicem 
requiéscere atque in castra reverti iussit eodemque dié 
15 Larisam pervénit. 
The losses. 
99. In ed proelid non amplius cc milités désideravit, 
sed centurionés, fortés virds, circiter xxx amisit. Inter- 
fectus est etiam fortissimé pugnans Crastinus, cuius 
_ mentidnem supra fécimus, gladid in* 6s adversum 

zoconiecto. Neque id fuit falsum, quod ille in pugnam 
proficiscéns dixerat. Sic* enim Caesar existimabat, eo 
proelid excellentissimam virtitem Crastini fuisse optimé- 
que eum dé sé meritum itidicabat. Ex Pompéian6 exer- 





senatorius, -a, -um, sezatorzal. viol6, 1, harm. 
reciisati0, recisatiOnis, f.,~efusa/, in vicem, zm turn. 
protest. requiésco, -ere, -quiévi, -quiétum, 
commend, I, zxtrust, urge upon. rest. 
1. lénitatesua: 42s well-known 3. in 0s adversum: /fu// in the 
kindness. face. 


$. ees 4. Explained by e6 fuisse. 


160 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


citi circiter milia xv cecidisse vidébantur, sed in dé- 
ditisnem vénérunt amplius milia xxiv (namque etiam 
cohortés, quae praesidio in castellis fuerant, sésé Sillae 
dédidérunt), multi praeterea in finitimas civitatés refiigé- 

5 runt, signaque militaria ex proelid ad Caesarem sunt 
'  relata cCLxxx et aquilae 1x. L. Domitius ex castris in 
montem refugiéns, cum virés eum lassitiidine défécis- 
sent, ab equitibus est interfectus. 


Caesar pursues Pompey, who sails away. 


102. Caesar omnibus rébus relictis persequendum 

10 Sibi Pompéium existimavit, quascumque in partés sé ex 
_ fuga recépisset, né rursus cOpias comparare alias et 
bellum renovare posset, et quantumcumque itineris 
equitati efficere poterat cotidié prégrediébatur legidnem- 
que unam minoribus itineribus subsequi iussit. Erat 
15é€dictum Pompéi noémine Amphipoli propositum, uti 
omnés eius provinciae itinidrés, Graeci civésque Romani, 
iurandi causa convenirent. Sed utrum!’ avertendae sus- 
picidnis causa Pompéius proposuisset, ut quam diitis- 
simé longioris fugae consilium occultaret, an novis dé- 
20 léctibus,” si ném6 premeret, Macedoniam tenére cOnaré- _ 
tur, existimari® non poterat. Ipse ad ancoram ina 
nocte cOnstitit et vocatis ad sé Amphipoli hospitibus et 
peciinia ad necessari6s sumptis * corrogata cOgnit6 Cae- 
saris adventii ex e6 locd discessit et Mytilénas paucis 


quantuscumque, -acumque, -um- young. 

cumque, however much. ancora, -ae, f., azchor. 

édictum, -i, n., Aroclamation. corrogo, 1, collect by asking, bor- 
luvenis, ilnior, minimus nati, 7ow. } 





1. utrum...an.. . cOnaré- 2. levies. 
tur: double indir. question ; sub- 3. determined. 
ject of existimari poterat. 4. expense. 


he i 





CAESAR, CIVIL WAR, BOOK III | 161 


diébus vénit. Biduum tempestate retentus navibusque 
aliis additis actuadriis* in Ciliciam atque inde Cyprum 
pervénit. Ibi cdgndscit cOnsénsi * omnium Antiochén- 
sium civiumque Rodmanodrum, qui illic negotiarentur, 
5 arcem captam esse excliidendi sui causa nintidsque di- 
missos ad e6s, qui sé ex fuga in finitimas civitatés re- 
cépisse dicerentur, né Antiochiam adirent: id si fécis- 
sent, magno* edrum capitis periculd futirum. 
Pompey seeks protection from Ptolemy, king of Egypt. 
103. Quibus cdgnitis rébus Pompéius dépositd ad- 
roeundae Syriae consilid peciinia societatis sublata et 4 
quibusdam privatis stimpta et aeris* magno pondere 
ad militarem Usum in navés imposit6 dudbusque mili- 
bus hominum arm§atis, partim qués ex familiis societa- 
tum délégerat, partim® 4 negotiatdribus coégerat, qués 
15ex® suis quisque ad hanc rem id6neds existimabat, 
Pélisium pervénit. Ibi casi réx erat Ptolemaeus, puer 
aetate, magnis copiis cum sordre Cleopatra bellum 
geré€ns, quam paucis ante ménsibus per suds propinquds 
atque amicos régno expulerat: castraque Cleopatrae - 
zondn longo spatio ab eius castris distabant. Ad eum 
Pompéius misit, ut pro hospitid atque amicitia patris 
Alexandria reciperétur atque illius opibus in calamitate 
tegeretur. Sed qui ab ed missi erant, codnfectd léga- 


negotior, 1, do business. negotiator, negotiatoris, m.; cf. 
societas, societatis, f., alliance, _ negotior. 
tax collectors’ company. 





1. sweft. 4. money. 

2. concerted action, modifies 5. Sc. qués after the second 
captam esse. partim. 

3- magno.. . periculd: at the 6. ex suis: of his own 
risk of their lives. Sriends. 


SECOND YEAR LATIN —II 


162 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


tidnis officid, liberius cum militibus régis colloqui coepé- 
runt edsque hortari, ut suum officium Pompéid praesta- 
rent’ néve eius fortiinam. déspicerent. In hdc erant 
numero complurés Pompéi milités, quds ex eius exerciti 
5 acceptds in Syria Gabinius Alexandriam tradixerat 
bell6que codnfects apud Ptolemaeum,: patrem pueri, 
reliquerat. 
But instead he ts treacherously murdered. 
104. His tunc? cdgnitis rébus amici® régis, qui propter 
aetatem eius in curatiOne erant régni, sive timore * ad- 
1oducti, ut postea praedicabant, sollicitato® exercitii régid 
né Pompéius Alexandriam Aegyptumque occuparet, 
- sive déspecta eius fortiina, ut plérumque in calamitate 
ex amicis inimici exsistunt, his, qui erant ab e6 missi, 
palam ° liberaliter respondérunt eumque ad régem venire 
régium, singulari hominem audacia, et L. Septimium, 
tribinum militum, ad interficilendum Pompéium misé- 
runt. Ab his liberaliter’ ipse* appellatus et quadam 
notitia® Septimii prdductus, quod bell6 praeddnum ” 
20apud eum ordinem ™ diixerat, naviculam ” parvulam con- 
scendit cum paucis suis: ibi ab Achilla et Septimio 
interficitur.* Item L. Lentulus comprehenditur ab rége 
et in custddia * necatur. 





curatio, cirationis, f.; cf. cid. régius, -a, -um; cf. réx. 
a. en 7. liberaliter appellatus : 
2. at this time. courteously addressed. 
3. Subject of respondérunt and 8. z.e. Pompey. 
iussérunt. | Q. acquaintance. 
4. Explained by né.. . oc- 10. pirates. 
cuparet. 11. Here = a century. 
5. stirred up. 12. skiff. 


6. openly; contrast with clam. 13. Prison. 


CAESAR, CIVIL WAR, BOOK III - 163 


Caesar saves the temple of Diana from being plundered. Strange portents 
happen on the day of the battle of harsalus. 


105. Caesar, cum in Asiam vénisset, reperiébat T. 
Ampium conatum esse pecinias' tollere Epheso ex 
fano Dianae eiusque rei causa senatdres omnés ex pro- 
vincia é€vocasse, ut his testibus in? summa peciniae 

5 uterétur, sed interpellatum* adventu Caesaris profi- 
gisse. Ita dudbus temporibus Ephesiae peciiniae 
Caesar auxilium tulit. . Item constabat‘ Elide in 
templo Minervae repetitis® atque éEnumeratis diébus, 
quo dié proelium secundum Caesar fécisset, simulacrum 

10 Victdriae, quod anté ipsam Minervam collocatum esset 
et ante ad simulacrum Minervae spectavisset, ad val- 
vas sé templi limenque convertisse. Eddemque dié 
Antiochiae in Syria bis tantus exercitis clamor et 
Signorum sonus exauditus est, ut in miris armata civi- 

15tas® discurreret. Hoc idem Ptolemaide accidit, Per- 
gamique’ in occultis* ac reconditis templi, qu6 praeter 
sacerdotés adire fas n6dn est, quae Graeci ddéuta® ap- 
pellant, tympana sonuérunt. Item Trallibus in templo 





fanum, -i, n., Zemfle. 

énumero, I, count. 

valvae, -arum, f., folding doors. 
limen, liminis, n., extrance. 
sonus, -i, m., sound. 

discurro, -ere, -curri (-cucurri), 


-cursum, ru to and fro, run 
lo one’s place. 
reconditus, -a, -um, vevzote. 
sacerd6s, sacerdotis, m., Arzest. 
tympanum, -i, n., drum. 
sono, -ere, sonui, sonitum, sound. 





1. treasures. 

2. in summa: 
amount. 

3- prevented. 

4. wz was ascertained by reck- 
oning. 

5. reckoned backward. 


as to the 


6. body of citizens. 

7. Locative. 

8. occultis et reconditis tem- 
pli: parts of the temple set aside 
and remote. 3 

9. (Greek): zuner sanctua- 
rleS. 


164 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS J 


Victdriae, ubi Caesaris statuam cOonsecraverant, palma 
per eds diés inter coagmenta lapidum ex pavimenté 
exstitisse ostendébatur. 


Caesar arrives at Alexandria and learns of Pompey’s death. 


106. Caesar paucos diés in Asia moratus cum audis- — 
5 set Pompéium Cypri visum, coniectans eum Aegyptum! 
iter habére” propter necessitiidinés* régni reliquasque 
eius loci opportunitatés, cum legidne tina, quam sé ex 
Thessalia sequi iusserat, et altera, quam ex Achaia a Q. 
. Fufio légat6 évocaverat, equitibusque pccc et navibus 
rolongis Rhodiis x et Asiaticis paucis Alexandriam per- 
vénit. In his erant legidnibus hominum milia‘ tria cc; 
reliqui vulneribus ex proeliis et labére ac magnitiidine 
itineris cOnfecti cOnsequi ndn potuerant. Sed Caesar 
confisus fama rérum gestarum infirmis auxiliis proficisci 
15non dubitaverat aequé omnem sibi locum titum fore 
existimans. Alexandriae dé Pompéi morte cognd6scit. 


statua, -ae, f., statue. pavimentum, -i, Javement. 
cOnsecro, 1, consecrate. coniecto, 1, zzfer. 
palma, -ae, f., alm, palm tree. aequé; cf. aequus. 


coagmentum, -i, n., zozn7. 





1. Theomission of the prep. 3. necessitidinés régni: 
is unusual. : friendships in the kingdom. 
2. iterhabére: was ontheroad. 4. milia tria cc: only 3200. 





LIFE AND WORKS OF CORNELIUS 
| NEPOS 


Or the life and works of Cornelius Nepos, little is positively 
known. He was born in the town of Ticinum (Pavia) in Northern 
Italy, about B.c. 100. He died about B.c. 24. That he was well-to- 
do is evident from the fact that he was enrolled as a Roman knight, 
and he seems to have given his attention to literature and learning 
rather than to politics. Among his intimate friends were Cicero, 
Catullus, and Atticus. ; 

It is clear that Nepos was a prolific writer, for we learn from vari- 

- ous sources that he was the author of (a) an outline of the world’s 
history ; (0) a treatise on Roman customs; (c) a detailed life of Cato 
the Censor; (a) a life of Cicero; (e) awork on geography; (f) De 
Viris Lllustribus. The last-named was divided into sixteen sections, 
as follows: —I. De Regibus Exterarum Gentium. 1. De Regibus 
Romanorum. Ill. De Excellentibus Ducibus Exterarum Gentium. 
IV. De Excellentibus Ducibus Romanorum. V. De Luris Consultis 
Graecis. VI. De Luris Consultis Romanis. VII. De Oratoribus 
Graecits. VIII. De Oratoribus Romanis. 1X. De Poetis Graecis. 
‘X. De Poetis Latinis. XI. De Historicis Graecis. X11. De Histo- 
ricts Latints. XIII. De Philosophis Graecis. X1V. De Philosophis 
Latinis. XV. De Grammaticis Graecis. XVI. De Grammaticis 
Latinis. Of these, one has been preserved entire — De Excellentibus 
Ducibus Exterarum Gentium — and parts of two others — De Regibus 
Exterarum Gentium and De Historicis Latinis. From the first most 
of the following selections have been chosen and from the last the 
life of Cato. | 

The style of Nepos, though of the same period as that of Caesar 
and Cicero, shows some peculiarities of construction. As a writer 
he should be considered as an essayist rather than as a historian. 
His Lzves are models of literary form rather than of historical 
accuracy. 

165 


166 


SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


I. MILTIADES 
?— 488 


fe goes to the Chersonesus to establish a colony. 


1. MILTIADEs, CimOnis filius, Athéniénsis, cum! et? 
antiquitate * generis et” gloria* maidrum et? sua mo- 
destia* tinus* omnium maximé floréret, eaque® esset 


aetate ut ndn* iam sdlum dé ed bene spérare sed etiam ~ 


confidere civés possent sui talem eum futirum,’ qualem 
cOgnitum itidicarunt, accidit ut Athéniénsés Chersoné- 


sum*® col6néds vellent mittere. 


Cuius*® generis cum 


magnus numerus esset et multi eius démigratidnis pete- 
rent societatem,” ex iis délécti Delphos déliberatum ™ 
10 Missi sunt, qui cdnsulerent Apollinem, quo ” potissimum 


duce ® iterentur. 


Namque tum Thraces eas regionés 


tenébant, cum quibus armis erat dimicandum. His 


antiquitas, antiquitatis, f., av- 
tiquity. 

modestia, -ae, f., #zodesty. 

colonus, -i, m., colonzst. 


démigratis, démigratisnis, f., ¢7- 
zgration. 

potissimum, especially, rather 
than any other. 





1. Causal. 
io Be BOL 6.6 BES i 5 CORRE 
only ...and... but also. 

3- Abl. of cause. 

4. Uunus omnium maximé fl0- 
réret: was the most conspicuous 
one of them all, 

5. ea aetate: abl. of descrip- 
tion. 

6. non sdlum ... itdicarunt: 
his fellow citjzens were able not 
only to hope much from him, but 
even to confidently expect that he 
would turn out to be such a man 
as they thought him (when he 


afterward became) known. 

7. Sc. esse: depends on con- 
fidere. ; 

8. Chersonésum : Nepos 
treats this word as though it 
were the name of a town. 

9. cuius generis: of this sort 
(of people); z.e. would-be col- 
onists. 

10. alliance (with). 

11. Supine. 

12. Interrogative. 

13. Predicate noun. 

14. cum quibus: 
written quibuscum. 


more often 


a ost 





va eee aii 





NEPOS, LIVES 167 


consulentibus nominatim’ Pythia praecépit ut Miltia- 
dem imperatorem sibi stimerent; id si fécissent, incepta 
prospera futira.” Hoc oraculi respdnsd* Miltiadés 
cum délécta mani classe* Chersonésum. profectus, cum 
5 accessisset L€mnum et incolas eius insulae sub potesta- 
tem redigere vellet Athéniénsium, idque Lémnii sua 
sponte facerent® postulasset, illi irridentés respondérunt 
tum id sé factiirds, cum ille domo navibus proficiscéns 
vento aquilodne vénisset Lémnum. Hic enim ventus ab 
1oseptentriOnibus oriéns adversum ® tenet Athénis’ pro- 
ficiscentibus.* Miltiadés morandi tempus non habéns 
cursum diréxit, quo tendébat, pervénitque Chersonésum. 


Brings Lemnos into the power of Athens. 


2. Ibi brevi tempore barbarorum cOpiis disiectis, tota 
regione, quam petierat, potitus, loca castellis idénea 
15 commiuniit, multitidinem, quam sécum dixerat, in agris 
collocavit crébrisque excursidnibus locuplétavit. Neque 
minus in ea ré pridentia quam félicitate adititus est. 
Nam cum virtite militum dévicisset hostium exercitis, 
summa ® aequitate rés constituit atque ipse ibidem ma- 
2zonére décrévit. Erat’ enim inter eds dignitate régia, 
aquil6, aquilonis, m., zorth wind. 
dirig0, -ere, -réxi, -réctum, dzrect. 


locuplét6, 1, ezrzch. 
ibidem, 27 that very place. 


inceptum, -i, n., wudertaking. 
prosperus, -a, -um, fortunate. 
oraculum, -i, n., oracle. 

incola, -ae, m. and f., zxhadbitant. 











1. (mentioning him) by 6. adversum tenet: dows 


mame; an unusual proceeding. 
2. Sc. esse: inf. in indirect 
discourse depending on praecépit. 
3. Abl. of cause. 
4. by boat. 
5. Subjunct. representing im- 
perat. in direct discourse. 


straight against. 

7. Ablative. 

8. Dat. with adversum. 

g. summa... constituit: ar- 
ranged matters with the utmost 
fairness. 

10. erat... régia: for he held 
the position of king. 


168 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


quamquam carébat ndmine, neque id’ magis imperid? 
quam iistitia cdnseciitus. Neque ed sétius Athéniénsi- 
bus, a quibus erat profectus, officia praestabat. Quibus 
rébus fiébat ut non minus edrum voluntate perpetud im- 
5 perium obtinéret qui miserant, quam illorum cum qui- 
bus erat profectus. Chersonésd* tali mod6 codnstitita, 
Lémnum revertitur et ex pactd* postulat ut sibi urbem 
tradant. Illi enim dixerant, cum’ ventd bored dom6d 
profectus e6 pervénisset, sésé déditiirds; sé*® autem - 
1odomum Chersonési’ habére. Carés, qui tum Lémnum 
incolébant, etsi praeter opinidnem rés ceciderat, tamen 
non dictd, sed secunda fortiina adversaridrum capti, re- 
sistere ausi non sunt atque ex insula démigrarunt. Pari 
félicitate céteras Insulas, quae Cyclades ndminantur, sub 
15 Athéniénsium redégit potestatem. 


Tries to free the Greeks from Darius, but fails. 


3. Iisdem temporibus Persarum réx Darius, ex Asia 
in Eurdpam exercitii traiect6, Scythis bellum inferre 
décrévit. Pontem fécit in* Histrd flimine, qua cdpias 
tradiiceret. Eius pontis, dum ® ipse abesset,” custodés ™ 

2oreliquit principés, quos sécum ex [dnia et Aeolide di- 
xerat; quibus” singulis suarum urbium perpetua dederat 
imperia. Sic enim facillimé putavit sé Graeca lingua 


boreds, -ae, m., zorth wind. 





1. that position. 7. Locative. 
2. atsplay of power. 8. over. 
3. Chersonésd ... constitita: 9. as long as. 
with matters in the Chersonesus 10. Subjunct. because of im- 
thus settled. plied indirect discourse. 
4. agreement. 11. Appositive with principés. 
5. With pervénisset. 12. quibus singulis, etc.: /o 


6. sé habére: depends on a each of them he had given con- 
word of saying understood. trol over one city. 


a ee 


NEPOS, LIVES 169 


loquentés qui Asiam incolerent sub sua retentirum 
potestate, si amicis suis oppida tuenda tradidisset, qui- 
bus sé oppresso nilla spés saliitis relinquerétur. In hdc 
fuit tum numerd Miltiadés cui illa custddia créderétur.* 
5 Hic cum crébri adferrent nintii, male rem gerere 











— 








= y, xe < 
AS 












at ya) 





PS 
eam) 




















=f 





if NG 
| 
PNADXNIA DSN AX DN PDA DO 


\ ; 
E LS AS] 
NY NIWAQAONADA AWAD DO 5 
DXASP WV) TONS LV X TININI NUS YORK 












































pdecledeciediedia 
Bridge of Boats 


Darium premique a Scythis, Miltiadés hortatus est 
pontis custodés né a fortina® datam occasidnem libe- 
randae Graeciae dimitterent. Nam si cum iis cdpiis quas 
sécum transportarat interisset Darius, non sdlum Euro- 
1opam fore titam, sed etiam eds qui Asiam incolerent 
Graeci genere liberds 4 Persarum futiirds dominatione 
et periculd:* id et facile efficl posse: ponte enim 
rescisso, régem vel hostium ferro vel inopia paucis dié- 
bus interitirum. Ad hoc consilium cum‘ plérique 


dominati6, dominationis, f., control. 





1. could be intrusted. 3. danger (arising from it). 
2. Personified, hence 4. 4. Concessive, 


170 


ut 


SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


accéderent, Histiaeus Milésius né rés conficerétur ob- 
stitit, dicéns ndn* idem ipsis qui summas imperii tené- 
rent expedire et multitidini, quod Darii régnd ipsdrum 
niterétur dominatid: qu6’ exstinctd ipsds* potestate 
expulsos civibus suis poenas datiirds. Itaque aded sé 
abhorrére a céterorum consilid ut nihil putet ipsis iti- 
lius quam cénfirmari régnum Persarum. Huius cum 
sententiam plirimi essent seciti, Miltiadés, non‘ dubi- 
tans tam® multis cdnsciis ad régis aurés* consilia sua 


1o perventiira, Chersonésum reliquit ac rirsus Athénas 


démigravit. Cuius ratio etsi non valuit, tamen magno 
opere est laudanda, cum amicior omnium libertati quam 
suae fuerit dominationi. 


Darius invades Greece. 


4. Darius autem, cum ex Eurdpa in Asiam redisset, 


15 hortantibus amicis ut Graeciam redigeret in suam pote- 


statem, classem quingentarum navium comparavit eique 
Datim praefécit et Artaphernem, hisque ducenta’ pedi- 
tum, decem equitum milia dedit, causam * interseréns sé 
hostem ® esse Athéniénsibus, quod edrum auxilid [6nés 





abhorred, -ére, -horrui, ; 
shrink from, dissent from. 


interserd, -ere, ——, ——, ¢#- 
twine, assign. 








1. non idem... multitidini: 4. non dubitans: Nepos here 


one and the same (course) was 


not equally advantageous for 
those men who held the chief con- 
trol and for the great bulk of 
people. 

2. z.é. Darius. 

3- ipsds civibus ... datirés: 
they themselves would suffer pun- 
ishment at the hands of ther 
subjects. . 


uses the infinitive where most 
writers use quin with the sub- 
junctive. | 

5. tam. . . consciis: w7th so 
many in the secret. 

6. ears. 

7. Sc. milia. 

8. as a reason. 

9. Here as an adj. with the 
dative. re 


NEPOS, LIVES 171 


Sardis ' expugnassent suaque praesidia interfécissent. 
Illi praefecti? régii, classe ad Euboeam appulsa, celeriter 
Eretriam cépérunt omnésque eius gentis civés abreptds * 
in Asiam ad régem misérunt. Inde ad Atticam accessé- 
5 runt ac suas cOpias in campum Marathona dédiixérunt. 
Is abest ab oppid6 circiter milia passuum decem. Hoc 
tumulti Athéniénsés tam propinqu6o tamque magné per- 
moti, auxilium nusquam nisi 4a Lacedaemoniis petivérunt 
Phidippumque curs6rem eius generis, qui hémerodromoe 
10 vocantur, Lacedaemonem misérunt, ut nuintiaret quam * 
celeri opus esset auxiliso. Domi autem creant decem 
praetorés,° qui exercitui praeessent, in iis Miltiadem. 
Inter quoés magna fuit contentio, utrum moenibus sé 
défenderent, an obviam irent hostibus aciéque décerne- 
isrent. Unus*® Miltiadés maximé nitébatur, ut? primo 
qudque tempore castra fierent; id si factum esset, et® 
cCivibus animum accessirum, cum vidérent dé edrum 
virtiite ndn déspérari,? et* hostés eadem ré fore tar- 
didrés, si animadverterent audéri® adversus sé tam 
20 exiguis  cdpiis dimicarti.’ 
The battle of Marathon. 


5. Hoc in tempore” nilla civitas Athéniénsibus 
auxilid fuit praeter Plataeénsés. Ea mille misit militum. 
- nusquam, zowhere. runner. 


cursor, cursOris, m., ”wer. obviam, zz the way of; with ed, 
hémerodromoe (Greek), day- goto meet. 





1. Accusative. 7. ut’ primd .. . fierent: 

2. officers. that they take the field at the 

3. carried off. : Jirst instant possible. | 

4. quam... . auxilid: whata 8. et... et: wot only... but 
need there was of speedy help. also. 

5. generals. | 9. Impersonal. 

6. tinus. . . nitébatur: J/7/- 10. small. 


tiades alone was very insistent. Il. Crist. 


7 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


Itaque horum adventi decem milia armat6rum compléta 
sunt, quae manus mirabili flagrabat pugnandi cupiditate. 
Quo factum est ut pliis quam collégae’ Miltiadés valéret. 
Eius ergo auctoritate impulsi Athéniénsés copias ex 
5 urbe édiixérunt locdque id6ned castra fécérunt. Dein 
poster6 dié sub montis radicibus acié’ regidne instricta 
non apertissima (namque arborés multis locis erant 
rarae) proelium commisérunt h6c consilid, ut et montium 
altitidine tegerentur et arborum tractii equitatus ho- 
1ostium impedirétur, né multitidine clauderentur. Datis, 
etsi ndn* aequum locum vidébat suis, tamen frétus 
numero copiarum suarum confligere cupiébat, edque 
magis, quod priusquam Lacedaemonii subsidié venirent, 
dimicare utile arbitrabatur. Itaque in aciem peditum 
15centum,® equitum decem milia prddixit proeliumque 
commisit. In quod tantd* plis virtiite valuérunt Athé- 
niénsés ut decemplicem numerum hostium profligarint, 
adedque eds perterruérunt ut Persae non castra, sed 
navés petierint. Qua pugna nihil adhic exstitit ndbi- 
20lius; nilla enim umquam tam exigua manus tantas® opés 
prostravit.® 
Miltiades is rewarded. 
6. Cuius’ victdriae non aliénum vidétur quale prae- 
mium Miltiadi sit tribiitum docére, quo ® facilius intellegi 
possit eandem omnium civitatum esse natiiram. Ut 


mirabilis, -e, wonderful, strange. tractus, -iis, m., drawing, line. 





flagro, 1, burn. decemplex, decemplicis, Zefold. 
colléga, -ae, m., colleague. adhiic, 7p to this time. 
1. Abl. abs. with instriicta. 6. lazd low. 
2. ndn aequum = iniquum. 7. cuius victoriae, etc.: z¢ does 
3. Sc. milia. not seem out of place to tell what 
4. Abl. of degree of differ- sort of reward for this victory 
ence. — was given to Miltzades. 


5. tantas opés: such power. 8. quod: used for ut. 


NEPOS, LIVES 173 

-enim populi Romani hondrés quondam fuérunt rari et 
tenués ' ob eamque causam gloridsi, nunc autem effisi 
atque obsoléti, sic d6lim apud Athéniénsés fuisse reperi- 
mus. Namque huic Miltiadi, qui Athénas totamque 

5 Graeciam liberarat, talis? honds tribitus est, in portici, 
quae Poecilé vocatur, cum pugna dépingerétur Mara- 
thonia, ut in decem praetOrum numero prima® eius 
imago ponerétur * isque hortarétur * milités proeliumque 

| committeret.t Idem ille populus, postedquam maius 

1oimperium est nactus et largitione magistratuum cor- 
ruptus® est, trecentas statuas Démétrio Phaléreo 
décrévit. 





He makes an unsuccessful expedition against the Cyclades, ts accused of 
treason, thrown into prison, and dies. 
4. Post hoc proelium classem septuaginta navium 
Athéniénsés eidem Miltiadi dedérunt, ut insulas, quae 
1s barbaros adiiverant, bell persequerétur. Quod in im- 
perio plérasque ad officium ® redire coégit, nonnillas vi 
expugnavit. Ex his’ Parum insulam opibus élatam cum 
6ratione* reconciliare non posset, cOpias € navibus 
Edixit, urbem operibus clausit omnique commeatii priva- 
20 vit; dein vineis ac testudinibus constitiitis propius mirés 
dépingo, -ere, -pinxi, 


quondam, o7ce. -pictum, 


gloridsus, -a, -um, famous. 
efftisus, -a, -um, /avzsh. 
obsolétus -a, -um, worthless. 
dlim, formerly. 

porticus, -iis, f., colonnade. 


paint. 

imago, imaginis, f. . Ehenuss: por- 
trait. 

reconcilid, 1, drzng together again, 
win back. 





simple. 

such. 

in the foreground. 
Miltiades was represented 
as adiiressing his men and giv- 


Pern 


ing the signal for battle. 
corruptus est: was bribed. 
allegiance. 

z.é. insulis. 

» argument. 


OI aH 


174 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


accessit. Cum‘ iam in ed esset ut oppid6 potirétur, 
procul in continenti? lacus, qui ex insula conspiciébatur, 
nescio * quo casi nocturnd tempore incénsus est. Cuius 
flamma ut ab oppidanis et oppugnatdribus est visa, 
5 utrisque * vénit in opinionem signum 4 classiariis régiis 
datum. Quo factum est ut et Parii a déditione déterré- 
rentur et Miltiadés, timéns né classis régia adventaret, 
incénsis operibus quae statuerat, cum totidem°® navibus 
atque erat profectus, Athénas magna cum offénsione 
1ocivium sudrum rediret. Acciisatus ergo est proditidnis, 
quod, cum Parum expugnare posset, a rége corruptus 
infectis ®rébus discessisset. E6 tempore aeger erat vul- 
neribus, quae in oppugnando oppid6 accéperat. Itaque 
cum ipse pro sé dicere non posset, verba fécit frater eius 
1s Stésagoras. . Causa cognita, capitis’ absoliitus pecunia 
multatus est, eaque lis: quinquaginta talentis aestimata 
est, quantus in. classem simptus factus erat. Hanc 
peciiniam quod solvere® in praesentia non poterat, in 
vincula publica coniectus est ibique diem obiit® supre- 
20 mum. 


licus, -i, m., grove. 

oppugnator, oppugnatoris, m. ; cf. 
oppugno. 

classiarius, -a,-um ; as a substan- 
tive in plu., seamen. 

advent6, I, arrive. 

proditis, proditidnis, f., tyeason. 


absolv6, -ere, -solvi, -solitum, /ree 
from. 

mult6, 1, five. 

lis, litis, f., Jawsuzt, damages. 

talentum, -i, n., alent; Greek 
sum of money, amounting to 
about $1100. 





I. cum... potirétur: ust as 
he was on the point of taking the 
town. 

2. continent. 

3- mescid quod = aliqud.. 

4. utrisque :.. opinidnem: 27 
occurred to both. 


5. totidem atque: same num- 
ber as. 
6. infectis rébus: wh his 


pur pose unaccomplished. 
7. capital punishment. 
8. pay. 
9. met. 


Ss Se NS een 


NEPOS, LIVES 175 


Another reason for his imprisonment. 


8. Hic etsi crimine Pario est acctisatus, tamen alia 
causa fuit damnationis. Namque Athéniénsés propter 
Pisistrati tyrannidem, quae paucis annis ante fuerat, 
omnium civium sudrum potentiam extiméscébant. Mil- 

5 tiadés, multum in imperiis magistratibusque versatus, 
non vidébatur posse esse privatus,! praesertim cum cén- 
suétidine ad imperii cupiditatem trahi vidérétur. Nam 
Chersonési, omnés ill6s quos habitarat annds, perpetuam 
obtinuerat dominationem, tyrannusque fuerat appellatus, 

1osed iustus. Non erat? enim vi coOnsecitus, sed sudrum 
voluntate, eamque potestatem bonitate retinébat. Om- 
nés autem et dicuntur et habentur tyranni, qui potestate 
sunt perpetua in ea civitate, quae libertate tisa est. Sed 
in Miltiade erat cum summa himanitas, tum mira com- 

15munitas, ut némo tam humilis esset, cui ndn ad eum 
aditus patéret; magna auctoritas * apud omnés civitatés, 
nobile nomen, laus rei militaris maxima. Haec populus 
respiciéns‘ maluit illum innoxium plecti quam sé diitius 
esse in tim6re. 


crimen, criminis, n., charge. affability. 

extimésc6, -ere, -timui, ——, fear. innoxius, -a, -um, Zarmiless, inno- 
habitd, 1, veszde. cent. 

tyrannus, -i, m., tyrant. plect6, -ere, ‘ ; in passive, 








communitas, comminitatis, f., suffer punishment. 





1. @ mere private citizen. 3. auctoritas, etc.: sc. eique 
2. erat cOmsectitus: sc. tyran- erat. 
nidem. 4. considering. 


176 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


Il. THEMISTOCLES 
C. 527-C. 460 
His early life. 


t. THEMISTOCLES, Neocli filius, Athéniénsis. Huius 
vitia’ ineuntis aduléscentiae magnis sunt émendata 
virtiitibus, aded ut anteferatur”? huic ném6, pauci parés 
putentur. Sed ab initio est Ordiendus. Pater eius 

5 Neoclés generdsus fuit. Is uxdrem Acarnanam civem 
dixit,®? ex qua natus est Themistoclés. Quicum minus‘ 
esset probatus parentibus, quod et liberius vivébat et 
rem familiarem neglegébat, 4 patre exhérédatus est. 
Quae contumélia non frégit eum, sed éréxit.2 Nam 

1ocum itidicasset sine summa industria non posse eam ® 
exstingui,’ totum sé dédidit rei piblicae, diligentius 
amicis famaeque® serviéns. Multum in iddiciis® priva- 
tis versabatur, saepe in codntidnem”™ populi prédibat; 
nilla rés maior“ sine e6 gerébatur, celeriter quae opus 
15erant reperiébat, facile eadem™” Oratidne explicabat.” 
Neque minus in rébus gerendis promptus “ quam excdgi- 
tandis erat, quod et dé instantibus,” ut ait Thicydidés, 


émendo, 1, compensate for. 

Ordior, -iri, rsus sum, Jeg7n, de- 
scribe. 

generosus, -a, -um, we//-born. 


exhérédo, 1, dzsznherit. 

servid, 4, serve, devote one’s self. 

aid, defective; imperf. aiébam, 
say. 





1. faults. 

2. Cf. fers. 

3. Sc. in matrimonium. 

4. minus... probatus: zof 
wholly approved of. 

5. roused. 

6. Sc. contuméliam. 

7 


. blot out. 
8. reputation. 


9. trials. 

10. assembly. 

11. more tmportant 
usual). 

I2. 2.€. ea quae Opus erant. 

13. explained. | 

14. ready. 

15. instantibus (rébus): /res- 
ent matters. | 


(than 


OO ee 


NEPOS, LIVES 177 


vérissimé itidicabat et dé futiris callidissimé coniciébat.! 
Quod factum est ut brevi tempore illustrarétur. 


Xerxes invades Greece but is defeated. Themistocles interprets an 
oracle of Apollo. 


2. Primus autem gradus fuit capessendae rei ptblicae 
bell6 CorcyYraed; ad quod gerendum praetor a populd 

5 factus, non sdlum praesenti bello, sed etiam reliqu6 tem- 
pore ferdcidrem reddidit civitatem. Nam cum pecinia 
publica, quae ex metallis redibat, largitione® magistra- 
tuum quotannis interiret,*’ ille persuasit populd ut ea 
peciiniad classis centum navium aedificarétur.* Qua 
1oceleriter effecta primum Corcyraeds frégit, deinde 
maritim6s* praed6nés coOnsectand6 mare titum reddidit. 
In® quo cum divitiis O6rnavit,-tum etiam peritissimds 
belli navalis fécit Athéniénsés.6 Id quantae’ saliti 
fuerit Universae Graeciae, bell6 coOgnitum est Persicé. 
15 Nam*® cum Xerxés et mari et terra bellum iniversae 
inferret Eurdpae cum tantis c6piis, quantas*® neque ante 
nec postea habuit quisquam: huius enim classis mille 
et ducentarum navium longarum fuit, quam du6d milia 
onerariarum sequébantur, terrestrés autem exercitiis 
20septingenta peditum, equitum quadringenta milia fué- 








veré, truly, accurately. 

callidé, shrewdly. 

illistr6, 1, wake famous. 

gradus, -us, m., step, stage. 

capesso, -ere, Capessiyi, Capessi- 
tum, ‘ake eagerly, undertake. 


ferdx, ferdcis, w7/d, warlike. 

metallum, -i, n., 7727. 

divitiae, -drum, f., rzches. 

ornd, 1, Provide with. 

terrestris, -e, delonging to the 
land, land. 





1. guessed. 

2. lavish giving. 

3. was lost. 

4. maritimods praedinés: Z7- 
rates. 

‘5. in quo: zx so doing. 

6. Obj. of drnavit and fécit. 

_ SECOND YEAR LATIN — 12 


7. quantae saliti: ow “elp- 
ful. 

8. nam cum, etc.: this clause 
is not completed but, after the 
parenthetical huius . . . fuérunt, 
is taken up in another form. 

Q. as. 


178 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 
runt: —cuius dé adventii cum fama in Graeciam esset 
perlata et maximé’ Athéniénsés peti dicerentur propter 
pugnam Marathoniam, misérunt Delphos codnsultum, 
quidnam facerent dé rébus suis. Déliberantibus’ 

5 Pythia respondit ut moenibus ligneis sé minirent. 
Id* respdnsum qué valéret cum intellegeret némé, 
Themistoclés persuasit* cdnsilium esse Apollinis ut in 
navés sé suaque cOnferrent; eum’ enim a deo signifi- 
cari mirum ligneum. Tali cdnsilid ‘ probatd, addunt 

road superidrés® totidem navés trirémés suaque omnia 
quae- movéri poterant partim Salamina, partim Troe- 
zéna déportant; arcem sacerddtibus paucisque maidribus 
natu ad sacra prociranda tradunt, reliquum oppidum 
relinquunt. 


Battles at Thermopylae and near Artemisium. 
1s 3. Huius consilium plérisque civitatibus displicébat 
et in terra dimicari magis placébat. Itaque missi sunt 
délécti cum Lednida, Lacedaemoniorum rége, qui Ther- 
mopylas occuparent longiusque barbar6ds -progredi non 
paterentur. Ii vim hostium n6On sustinuérunt edque 
20locd omnés interiérunt. At classis comminis Graeciae 
trecentarum navium, in qua ducentae erant Athéni- 
énsium, primum apud Artemisium inter Euboeam 


ligneus, -a, -um, wooden, made 
of wood. 

trirémis, -e, wth three banks of 
oars; as substantive, 7rzreme. 

déport6, 1 ; cf. porto. 


sacer, -cra, -crum, sacred; here 
as substantive, sacred rites. 

prociir6, 1, care for, manage. 
displiced, -ére, -plicui, -plicitum, 
dis please. 





I. maximé dicerentur : 
lit. the Athenians were said to be 
aimed at particularly. 

2. seeking advice. 

3. id ... valéret: what this 
reply meant. 


4. convinced; note the infin- 
itive with this verb. 

5. eum... ligneum: (/hat 
kind of wooden wall was tndi- 
cated by the god. 

6. the former ones. 








NEPOS, LIVES 179 


continentemque terram cum classiariis régiis cdnflixit. 
Angustias enim Themistoclés quaerébat né multitidine 
circumirétur. Hinc etsi pari* proelio discesserant, tamen 
eddem loc6d non sunt ausi manére, quod erat periculum, 

5 né, si pars navium adversaridrum Euboeam superasset,? 
ancipiti premerentur periculo. Qu6d factum est ut ab 
Artemisio discéderent et exadversum Athénas apud 
Salamina classem suam cOnstituerent. 


Xerxes seizes and destroys Athens. Battle of Salamis. 


4. At Xerxés, Thermopylis expugnatis, protinus acces- 
1osit astti idque, nillis défendentibus, interfectis sacerdoti- 
bus, qudos in arce invénerat, incendio délévit. Cuius 
flamma perterriti classiarii cum manére non audérent et 
plirimi hortarentur ut domds suas discéderent moeni- 
busque sé défenderent, Themistoclés tnus restitit et 
15 iniversds * parés * esse posse aiébat, dispersds testabatur 
periturds, idque® Eurybiadi,’ régi Lacedaemoniorum, 
qui tum summae imperii praeerat, fore adfirmabat. 
Quem cum minus quam vellet movéret, noctii dé” servis 
suis quem habuit fidélissimum ad régem® misit, ut ei 
-zoniintiaret, suis® verbis, adversarids eius® in fuga esse; 
- qui si discessissent, maidre cum labore et longinquidre 
tempore bellum cénfectiirum, cum singulds cénsectari 
cOgerétur ; quOs sistatim aggrederétur, brevi" iniversds 


exadversum, prep., oPfoszte. testor, 1, dear witness, assert. 





astii, indeclin., n., czzy. adfirm6, 1; cf. cénfirm6. 
1. undecided. 7. dé servis suis: sc. eum. 
2. sailed past. 8 ze. Xerxes. : 
3. tf united. 9. suis verbis: z.e. speaking 
4. egual to the occasion. for Themistocles. ; 
5. Subject of fore. 10. 2.¢. Xerxes. 
6. Modifies adfirmabat. II. = brevi tempore. 


180 SELECTIONS -FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


oppressurum. Hoc’ eo valébat, ut ingratiis ad dépug- 
nandum omnés cogerentur. Hac ré audita barbarus, 
nihil doli subesse crédéns, postridié aliénissim6 sibi loco, 














Painting by F.. Cormon. 
Return of the Greeks from Salamis 

contra opportiinissimo hostibus, aded angustoO mari con- 

5 flixit, ut eius multitid6 navium explicari? non potuerit. 

Victus erg6 est magis etiam consilis Themistocli quam 
armis Graeciae. 

Xerxes returns to Asia on the advice of Themistocles. 
5. Hic’ etsi male rem gesserat, tamen tantas habébat 


reliquids cOpiarum, ut etiam tum iis opprimere posset 


ingratiis, wwdllingly, under com- reliquiae, -arum, f., remaznder, 
pulsion. remnants. 
dépugno, 1, fight zt out. 





1. hoc e0 valébat: ‘the plan 2. spread out. 
of this was. 3. Adverb. 


ee eee oe 


NEPOS, LIVES 181 


hostés. Iterum ab eddem! gradi? dépulsus est. Nam 
Themistoclés, veréns né bellare persevéraret certidrem 
eum fécit id* agi, ut pons, quem ille in Hellésponto 
fécerat, dissolverétur‘* ac reditii in Asiam excluderétur ;°* 

5 idque ei persuasit. Itaque, qua sex ménsibus iter fécerat, 
eadem* minus diébus triginta in Asiam reversus est 
séque 4 Themistocle ndn superatum, sed conservatum 
iudicavit. Sic tnius viri pridentia Graecia liberata est 
Eurdpaeque succubuit’ Asia. Haec est altera victoria 

1oquae cum Marathonio possit comparari tropaeo. Nam 
pari modé apud Salamina parvo numero navium maxima 
post hominum memoriam classis est dévicta. 


The Spartans object to the rebuilding of Athens. Themistocles goes to them 
as an ambassador. 


6. Magnus hoc bello Themistoclés fuit neque minor 
in.pace. Cum enim Phaléricd portii neque magno ne- 
15que bond Athéniénsés tterentur, huius cdnsilid triplex * 
Piraei portus cOnstitiitus est eisque moenibus circumda- 
tus, ut ipsam urbem dignitate® aequiperaret, utilitate ” 
superaret. Idem mirds Athéniénsium restituit prae- 
cipud sud periculo. Namque Lacedaemonii, causam ™ 
20iddneam nacti propter barbardrum excursidOnés qua” 
negarent oportére extra Peloponnésum illam urbem 
muros habére, né essent loca minita, quae hostés possi- 


tropaeum, -i, n., trophy, victory. possidO , -ere, -sédi, -sessum, oc- 
aequipero, 1, compare, rival. cupy, seize. 





1. Abl. of agent. 7. gave Way. | 
2. gradi dépulsusest: ewas 8. z.e. with three basins. 
deprived of his advantage. 9g. grandeur. 
3. id agi: this plan was being 10. Cf. iitilis. 


considered. Ir. causam iddneam : a likely 
4. cut down. oo pretense. 7 
5. Sc. Xerxés. 12. qua negarent: for saying 


6. Sc. via. 7 ge WOR: 


182 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


derent, Athéniénsés aedificantés prohibére sunt cdnati. 
Hoc longé?’ alid spectabat atque vidéri volébant. Athé- 
niénsés enim duabus victoriis, Marathonia et Salaminia, 
tantam gloriam apud omnés gentés erant cdnseciti, ut 

















‘The Piraeus 


intellegerent Lace- 
daemonii dé princi- 
patti sibi cum iis 
certamen fore. 
Quaré .eds quam 
infirmissimds esse 
volébant. Post- 
quam autem audi- 
érunt muros strui,? 
légatos Athénas 
misérunt, qui id 
fieri vetarent. His 
praesentibus désié- 


runt * ac sé dé ea ré légatds ad eds misstrds dixérunt. 
Hanc légationem suscépit Themistoclés et sdlus primo 
20 profectus est; reliqui* légati ut tum exirent, cum satis 
alti tuend6* miri exstriicti vidérentur, praecépit: inte- 
rim omnés, servi atque liberi, opus facerent neque illi 
loc6 parcerent, sive sacer sive profanus, sive privatus 
esset sive piblicus, et undique, quod iddneum ad mini- 
25endum putarent, congererent. Quo factum est ut Athé- 
niénsium miri ex sacellis sepulcrisque constarent.® 


profanus, -a, -um, frofane, un-_ sacellum, -i, n., shrine. 





holy. sepulcrum, -i, n., fom. 

1. longé. “ spectabat atque: 4. reliqui... ut ... exirent: 
had quite a different meaning depends on praeceépit. 
than. 5. for defense. 


2. being built. snd 6. consisted of (material) ; 
3. Sc. Athéniénsés as subject. substantive result. — : 


Poe se ee ee 


Pe a 


. 
; 
; 
; 
4 


NEPOS, LIVES 183 


He outwits the Spartans and Athens is rebuilt. 


7. Themistoclés autem, ut Lacedaemonem vénit, 
adire ad magistratiis noluit et dedit ! operam, ut quam | 
longissimé tempus diceret, causam interpOnéns sé col- 
légas exspectare. Cum Lacedaemonii quererentur opus 
nihild minus fieri eumque in ea ré conari fallere, interim 
reliqui légati sunt conseciti. A quibus cum audisset 
non multum superesse minitiOnis, ad ephords Lacedae- 
moniorum accessit, penes quos summum erat imperium, 
atque apud eds contendit falsa’ iis esse delata; quaré 


1oaequum esse illds* viro6s bonds nobilésque mittere, qui- 
bus fidés habérétur, qui rem explorarent; interea sé 


obsidem retinérent. Gestus* est ei mos, trésque légati 
fiincti summis honoribus Athénas missi sunt. Cum his 
collégas suds Themistoclés iussit proficisci iisque prae- 


15 dixit ut né prius Lacedaemonidrum légatds dimitterent 


quam ipse esset remissus. H06ds postquam Athénas per- 
vénisse ratus est, ad magistratiis senatumque Lacedae- 
moniorum adiit et apud eos liberrimé professus® est: 
Athéniénsés suo ® consilid, quod’ commini iire gentium 


20facere possent, deds * piiblicds sudsque patrids ac pena- 


tés, quo facilius ab hoste possent défendere, miris saep- 





ephorus, -i, m., ephor (a magis- 
trate). | 

penes, prep., 7 the hands of. 

fungor, -i, finctus sum, Zerform, 


fill 


reor, réri, ratus sum, ¢/77k. 
penatés, -ium, m., ousehold 
gods. 

saepi0, -ire, saepsi, saeptum, 
protect. 





1. dedit operam: Zook pains. 

2. falsa... délata: false re- 
ports had been brought to them. 

3. Subject of mittere, which 
has virds for object. Refers to 
the ephors, x 


4. gestus ... mos: Azs wish 
was carried out. 
5. professus est: ¢alked. 
6. sud consilid: by kzs advice. 
7. a thing which. 
8. Object of saepsisse. 


184 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


sisse, neque in‘ ed quod initile esset Graeciae fécisse. 
Nam ill6rum urbem ut? prdpugnaculum oppositum % 
esse barbaris, apud * quam iam bis classés régias fécisse 
hnaufragium. Lacedaemonids autem male et iniisté 
5 facere, qui id potius intuérentur, quod ipsorum domina- 
tidni quam quod universae Graeciae ittile esset. Quaré, 
si suds légatds recipere vellent, quos Athénas miserant, 
sé remitterent, cum aliter ill6s numquam in patriam 


essent recepturi. 
Themtstocles ts banished. 


io 8. Tamen non effiigit civium sudrum_ invidiam.® 
Namque ob eundem tim6drem qu6® damnatus erat 
Miltiadés, testularum’ suffragiis é civitate Giectus, Argos*® 
habitatum concessit. Hic cum propter multas virtutés 
magna cum dignitate viveret, Lacedaemonii légatds 
15 Athénas misérunt, qui eum absentem. acciisarent, quod 
societatem® cum rége Persé” ad Graeciam opprimen- 
dam fécisset. H6c crimine abséns prdéditidnis * damna- 
tus est. Id ut audivit, quod non satis titum sé Argis 
vidébat, CorcYram démigravit. Ibi cum eius” principés 
20 animadvertisset timére, né propter sé bellum iis Lacedae- 
monii et Athéniénsés indicerent, ad Admétum, Molos- 
sim régem, cum quo ei hospitium ® erat, confugit. Hiic 





propugnaculum, -i, n., darrier. effugid ; cf. fugio. 
naufragium, -i, n., shipwreck. testula, -ae, f., voting tablet. 
- initisté, wzjustly. Sicid ; cf. iacid. 
1. ined: thereby. 7. testularum suffragiis: 7.2. 
2. ut propugnaculum: as az _ votes written on bits of pottery. 
outpost: pred. noun after esse. 8. Acc. plural. 
3. built against. . 9. alliance. 
4. apud quam = et apud 10. Greek for Persa. 
eam. 11. Modifies damnatus est. 
5. zl will. 12. Sc. insulae. 


6. because of which, 13. guest-friendship. 


NEPOS, LIVES | 185 


cum vénisset et in praesentia réx abesset, quo maidre 
religione' sé” receptum tuérétur, filiam eius parvulam 
arripuit et cum ea sé in sacrarium, quod summa coléba- 
tur caerimonia, coniécit. Inde non prius égressus est 
5 quam réx eum, data dextra, in fidem reciperet; quam 
praestitit.2 Nam cum ab Athéniénsibus et Lacedae- 
moniis expdscerétur publicé, supplicem non _ prddidit 
monuitque* ut cdnsuleret sibi: difficile enim esse in 
tam propinquo loco tuto® eum versari. Itaque Pydnam 
1oeum dédiici iussit et quod satis esset praesidii dedit. 
Hic in navem omnibus igndtus nautis éscendit. Quae 
cum tempestate maxima Naxum ferrétur, ubi tum Athéni- 
€nsium erat exercitus, sénsit Themistoclés, si ed pervé- 
-nisset, sibi esse pereundum. Hac necessitate coadctus 
15 domino navis, quis sit, aperit, multa pollicéns, si sé con- 
servasset. At ille, clarissimi viri. captus misericordia,® 
diem noctemque procul ab insula in sal6 navem tenuit 
in ancoris neque quemquam ex ea exire passus est. 
Inde Ephesum pervenit ibique Themistoclén expdnit: 
a cui ille pro meritis postea Sem rettulit. 


fle writes to King Artaxerxes tendering his aid, 


9. Scio plérdsque ita scripsisse, Themistoclén Xerxe 
régnante’ in Asiam transisse. Sed ego potissimum 
Thucydidi créd6, quod et aetate*® proximus dé iis, qui 


arripi0, -ere, -ripui, -reptum, sezze. éscendd, -ere, -scendi, -scénsum, 


sacrarium, -i, n., sanctuary. embark. 
caerimonia, -ae, f., Sagred rite, salum, -1, n., deep sea. 
reverence. 





1. fear of the gods. 4. -que: but. 
2. sé receptum tuérétur: Ae 5. Adverb. 
(the king) might receive and 6. pity. 
guard him. 7. ruling. 
3. made good. 8. in point of time. 





186 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


illorum temporum historiam reliquérunt, et eiusdem 
civitatis fuit. Is autem ait ad Artaxerxén eum vénisse 
atque his verbis epistulam misisse: ‘‘ Themistoclés véni 
ad té, qui plirima mala omnium Graidrum* in domum? 
5 tuam intuli, quam® dit mihi necesse fuit adversum patrem 
tuum bellare patriamque meam défendere. Idem multd 
plira bona féci, postquam in titd ipse* et ille in periculd 
esse coepit. Nam cum in Asiam reverti vellet, proelid 
apud Salamina facto litteris eum certidrem féci id agi 
10 ut pons, quem in Hellésponto fécerat, dissolverétur atque 
ab hostibus circumirétur;> qud nintid ille periculé est 
liberatus. Nunc autem configi ad té exagitatus 4 ciincta 
Graecia, tuam peténs amicitiam: quam si erd adeptus,° 
ndn minus mé bonum amicum habébis quam fortem 
15inimicum ille expertus est. Té autem rogo, ut dé iis 
rébus, quas técum colloqui vol6, annuum’ mihi tempus 
dés edque transactd ad té venire patiaris.”’ 
Themistocles ts well recetved in Persta by the king. He dies there. 
10. Huius réx animi magnitidinem admirans cupi- 
E€nsque talem virum sibi conciliari veniam dedit.  Ille 
z0omne illud tempus litteris serm6nique® Persarum sé 
dédidit; quibus aded éruditus est ut mult6 commodius 
dicatur apud régem verba fécisse quam ii poterant qui in 
Perside erant nati. Hic cum multa régi esset pollicitus 
eratissimumque® illud, si suis Uti cdnsiliis vellet, illum 





historia, -ae, f., Azstory. venia, -ae, f., zxdulgence, per- 
transig6, -ere, -€gi, -actum, drzve mission. 
through, finish. érudio, 4, zzstruct. 

1. Partit. gen. with qui. 7. annuum tempus: @ year’s 
2. house, line. time. 
3. quam diti: as long as. 8. spoken language. 
4. Sc. esse coepi. 9. gratissimum illud: and as 
5. Sc. ipse. 7 _ the most welcome the following, 
6. = nactus, that, : 





NEPOS, LIVES 187 


Graeciam bell6 oppressirum, magnis mineribus ab 
Artaxerxe d6natus, in Asiam’ rediit domiciliumque 
Magnésiae sibi codnstituit. Namque hanc urbem ei réx 
donarat, his? quidem verbis, quae* e1 panem praebéret 
5 (ex qua regidne quinquagéna talenta quotannis redi- 
bant*); Lampsacum autem, unde vinum_ simeret; 
Myunta, ex qua obsonium habéret. 
Huius ad nostram memoriam monumenta mansérunt 
duo; sepulcrum prope oppidum, in quod est sepultus, 
ro Statua in for6 Magnésiae. Dé cuius morte multis modis 
apud plérdsque scriptum est, sed nds eundem potissi- 
mum Thicydidem auctdrem probamus, qui illum ait 
Magnésiae morb6*® mortuum neque negat fuisse famam, 
venénum sua sponte siimpsisse, cum sé, quae régi dé 
15 Graecia opprimenda pollicitus esset, praestare posse 
déspéraret. Idem ossa eius clam in Attica ab amicis 
sepulta,® quoniam légibus ndn concéderétur, quod pro- 
diti6nis esset damnatus, memoriae prddidit. 


III. CIMON 
?— 449 


Cimon ts delivered from prison by his sister. 


1. Cimon, Miltiadis filius, Athéniénsis, dird6 admo- 
20dum’ initio tsus*® est aduléscentiae. Nam cum pater 


quinquageénus, -a, -um, f/ty each. sepelid, -ire, sepelivi (-ii), sepul- 


obsonium, -i, n., food, fish. tum, dury. 
monumentum, -i, n., memorial, veneénum, -i, n., Jozson. 
monument. Os, Ossis, n., done. 





1. Sc. minorem. 4. were returned (in taxes). - 

2. his verbis: om just these 5. disease. 
terms. 6. Sc. esse. 

3. =ut ea: make correspond- 7. Very. 
ing changes in unde and ex qua. 8. tsus est: experienced. 


188 . SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


eius litem ' aestimatam ? populé solvere non potuisset ob 
eamque causam in vinclis publicis décessisset,? Cimon 
eadem custddia tenébatur neque légibus Athéniénsium 
Emitti poterat, nisi pectiniam, qua pater multatus erat, 

5 solvisset. Habébat autem in matrim6dnid sordrem ger- 
‘manam suam, nomine Elpinicén, nbn magis amoére quam 
more ductus: namque Athéniénsibus licet eddem patre 
natas uxorés diicere.* Huius® coniugii cupidus Callias 
quidam, non tam generOdsus ® quam pecinidsus, qui mag- 

1onas pectinias ex metallis fécerat, égit cum Cimdne ut 
eam sibi uxOrem daret: id si impetrasset, sé pro illo 
peciniam solitirum. Is cum’ talem condicionem 
aspernarétur, Elpinicé negavit sé passiram Miltiadis 
progeniem in vinclis publicis interire, quoniam prohi- 

15 bére posset, séque Calliae niptiiram, si ea quae pollicéré- 
tur praestitisset. | 


Fe becomes famous as a statesman and general. 


2. Tali modd custddia liberatus Cimon celeriter ad 
principatum pervénit. Habébat enim satis éloquentiae, 
summam liberalitatem, magnam pridentiam cum iiris 

20 Civilis tum rei militaris, quod cum patre 4 puer6® in exer- 
citibus fuerat® versatus. Itaque hic et populum ur- 
germanus, -a, -um, own; here aAspernor, I, scorn. 
used with sordrem for aif progeniés, acc. -em, abl. -é, f., 


sister. descendant. 
coniugium, -i, n., #zarrzage. éloquentia, -ae, f., eloguence. 
pectinidsus, -a, -um, moneyed, civilis, -e, czvil. . 
wealthy. urbanus, -a, -um, of the city. 





1. fine. 7. Concessive. 

2. imposed. 8. a puerd: from boyhood. 

3. = mortuus est. ‘g. fuerat versatus: fui and 
4. marry. fueram are often used by Nepos 
5. with her. ~ to form the perf. and pluperf. 
6. = nobilis. tenses. 


NEPOS, LIVES _ 189 


banum in sua tenuit potestate et apud exercitum pliri- 
mum valuit auctoritate. Primum imperator apud flumen 
Strymona magnas copias Thracum fugavit, oppidum 
Amphipolim constituit, eoque decem milia Athéniénsium 

s in coléniam misit. Idem iterum apud Mycalén, Cyprio- 
rum et Phoenicum ducentarum navium classem dévic- 
tam! cépit eddemque dié pari fortiina in terra iisus est. 
Namque, hostium navibus captis, statim ex classe copias 
suas édiixit barbardrumque maximam vim ind concurs ~ 

io prostravit.2, Qua victoria magna praeda potitus, cum 
domum reverterétur, quod iam ndnnillae insulae propter 
acerbitatem imperii défécerant, bene animatas confirma- 
vit, aliénatas ad officium redire coégit. Scyrum, quam 
ed tempore Dolopes incolébant, quod contumacius sé — 

15 gesserant, vacuéfécit, sessoréS veterés urbe insulaque 
€iécit, agros civibus divisit. Thasids opulentia frétds * 
sud adventi frégit. His ex manubiis‘ arx Athéndrum, 
qua ad meridiem vergit, est ornata. 


He is banished, recalled, restores peace, dies. 
3. Quibus rébus cum® itnus in civitate maximé 
20 fl6réret, incidit in eandem invidiam quam pater suus 
céterique Athéniénsium principés: nam testarum suf- 
fragiis, quod ® illi oorpaxicpov vocant, decem anndrum 
exsilid multatus est.’7 Cuius facti celerius Athéniénsés 


acerbitas, acerbitatis, f., severzty. vacuéfacio; cf. vacuus + facid. 





animatus, -a, -um, dzsposed. sessor, sessOris, m., zzhabitant. 
aliénatus, -a, -um, estranged. opulentia, -ae, f., wealth. 
contumaciter, wth zusubordina- testa, -ae; cf. testula. 
tion. | exsilium, -1, n., exz/e. 
1. dévictam cépit = dévicit et 4. Spoils. 
cépit. 5. Causal. . 
2. vanguished. 6. (a proceeding) which. 
3. relying on. 7. was punished. 





190 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 
quam ipsum paenituit Nam cum ille animé forti in- 
vidiae ? ingrat6rum civium cessisset bellumque Lacedae- 
monii Athéniénsibus indixissent, conféstim nodtae eius 
_-virtutis désiderium cénseciitum est. Itaque post*® an- 
5 num quintum quam expulsus erat, in patriam revocatus 
est. Ille, quod hospitis Lacedaemonidrum itébatur, 
satius‘* existimans concédere quam armis contendere, 
Lacedaemonem sua sponte est profectus pacemque inter 
duds potentissimas. civitatés conciliavit.° Post,’ neque 
1oita multd, Cyprum cum ducentis navibus imperator 
missus, cum eius maidrem partem insulae dévicisset, in’ 
morbum implicitus in oppid6 Citid est mortuus. 


His generosity, 


4. Hunc Athéniénsés non sdlum in belld sed etiam in 
pace dit désideravérunt. Fuit enim tanta liberalitate, 
15cum compliribus locis praedia hortdsque habéret, ut® 
numquam in iis custsdem imposuerit frictiis servandi 
gratia, né quis impedirétur quo” minus eis rébus, qui- 
bus“ quisque vellet fruerétur. Semper eum pedisequli 


paenitet, -ére, paenituit, imper- praedium, -i, n., farm. 


sonal, repent. 
ingratus, -a, -um, wugrateful. 
notus, -a, -um, we//-known. 
désiderium, -i, n., Joss, need. 
désidero, 1, regret, need. 


hortus, -i, m., garden. 

fruor, -i, friictus sum, delight in, 
enjoy. 

pedisequus, -i, m., footman, at- 
tendant. 





1. Takes acc. of person and 
gen. of the cause of the feeling. 

2. Indir. obj. of cessisset. 

3. post. ..quam: five years 
after. 

4. better. 

5. arranged. 

6. post... multo: 
not much so. 


later, but 


7. in morbum 
seized by illness. 
8. Translate this word before 
the cum concessive clause. 
g. = causa. 
10. quo minus fruerétur: from 
enjoying. 
11. Abl. with frui, understood 
with vellet. 


implicitus : 


NEPOS, LIVES 19! 


cum nummis?‘ sunt seciti, ut, si quis opis*® eius indi- 
géret, habéret, quod statim daret, né differend6* vidéré- 
tur negadre. Saepe, cum aliquem offénsum‘ fortuitd 
vidéret minus bene vestitum, suum amiculum dedit. 
Cotidié sic céna® ei coquébatur, ut, quds invocatds 
vidisset in ford, omnés dévocaret: quod facere nill6 dié 
praetermittébat. Niulli fidés® eius, niulli opera, nilli 
rés familidris défuit: multds locuplétavit,’ complirés 
pauperés mortuds, qui unde® efferrentur non reliquis- 


1osent, sud simpti extulit. Sic® sé gerendO minimé est 


mirandum si et vita eius fuit séciira et mors acerba.” 


IV. EPAMINONDAS 
Cc. 418-362 
Differences between the customs of the Greeks and the Romans. 


1. EPAMINONDAS, Polymnidis filius, Thébanus. Dé 
hdc priusquam scribimus, haec praecipienda videntur 
léctoribus, né™ aliénds morés ad suds referant, néve ea, 





indiged, -ére, -digui, ——, eed. dévocd, 1; cf. voco. 
fortuitd, dy chance. praetermitto, -ere, -misi, -missum, 
amiculum, -i, n., mantle. let pass, omit. 
coquo, -ere, coxi, coctum, cook. pauper, pauperis, Zoor. 
invocatus, -a,-um; cf.in (wot) +  sé€cirus, -a, -um, free from care. 
voco. acerbus, -a, -um, dz¢Zer. 
forum, -i, n., forum. léctor, léctoris, m., ~eader. 
1. pieces of money. they might be buried. 
2. aid. g. sic sé gerendd=cum sé 
3. by putting him off. gereret. 
4. found. 10. 2.é. to his fellow citizens. 
5. dinner. iz. né... referant: that they 
6. protection. shall not refer the customs of 
7. enriched. others to their own (as a stand- 
8. unde efferrentur: wth which ard). 


SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


‘ 


192 


quae ipsis* levidra” sunt, pari mod6 apud céterds fuisse? 
arbitrentur. Scimus enim‘ misicén nostris modribus 
abesse >a principis persona, saltare ® vér6 etiam in vitiis” 
poni; quae omnia apud Graecos et grata et laude digna 
5 diicuntur. Cum autem exprimere’ imaginem cOdnsuéti- 
dinis atque vitae velimus Epaminondae, nihil vidémur ® 
débére praetermittere quod pertineat ad’ eam déclaran- 
dam. Quaré dicémus primum dé genere eius; deinde 


eS ee eS 


quibus disciplinis et 4 quibus sit éruditus; tum dé mori- — 


1obus ingeniique ” facultatibus et si” qua alia memoria 
digna erunt; postrém6 dé rébus gestis, quae a plurimis 
animi anteponuntur virtitibus. 


The education of Epaminondas. 


2. Natus igitur patre, quo diximus, genere honesto, 
pauper iam a maioribus relictus est, éruditus autem sic, 
i5ut némo Thébanus magis. Nam et citharizare et can- _ 
tare ad chordarum sonum doctus est a Dionysio, qui 
non minodre fuit in misicis gléria quam Damon aut 


miisica, -ae, and misicé, acc. 
-én, f., uszc (including foetry). 

persona, -ae, f., wzask, part, char- 
acter. 

saltd, 1, dance. 

dignus, -a, -um, worthy. 

ingenium, -i, n., Zalent. 

antepond; cf. pond. 


igitur, therefore, then. 

citharizo, -are, ——-, ——, play 
on the lyre. 

canto, I, szzg, play. 

chorda, -ae, f., string. 

miisicus, -a, -um, zusical; masc. 


as subst., musician; neut. as 


subst., zuszc. 





. in their own eyes. 

. guite trivial. 

Sc. levia. 

. for example. 

. 25s inconsistent with. 

. Trans. as a participial noun, 

the subject of poni. 
7. exprimere 


aut WN 


imaginem: (fo 


write a sketch. 
8. vidémur débére: z¢ seems 
that we ought. 
g. ad eam déclarandam: fo 
make zt clear. | 
10. ingenii facultatibus: za- 
tive ability. 
Il. si qua: whatever. 


OS EEO el 


NEPOS, LIVES | 193 


Lamprus, qudrum pervulgata sunt nomina, cantare 


tibiis ab Olympiod6ro, saltare a Calliphrone. 


At philo- 


sophiae praeceptorem habuit Lysim Tarentinum, Pytha- 
goréum; cui quidem sic fuit déditus’ ut aduléscéns' 


tristem ac severum senem 
omnibus aequalibus suis in 
familiaritate anteposuerit ; 
neque prius eum a sé dimi- 
sit quam in doctrinis tanto 


10 antecessit condiscipulés, ut 


facile intellegi posset pari 
mod6 superaturum omnés 








Jit it. 


‘oh 
Hat Nn 


i 


Tr 


A | 
























Citharae 


in céteris artibus. Atque haec ad nostram consuétidinem 
sunt levia et potius contemnenda; at in Graecia, uti- 


15 que? dlim, magnae laudi erant. Postquam ephébus est 


factus et palaestrae dare operam coepit, non tam magni- 


tiidini virium servivit* quam vélocitati; illam enim ad 
athlétarum isum, hance ad belli existimabat wtilitatem 


pertinére. 


atque contendere. 
siimébat. 


pervulgatus, -a, -um, wel/-known. 

tibia, -ae, f., flute. 

philosophia, -ae, f., A/zlosophy. 

praeceptor, praeceptoris, m., 
teacher. 

sevérus, -a, -um, s7éevr7. 

aequalis, -e, egzal. 

familiaritas, 
intimacy. 


familiaritatis, f., 


Itaque exercébatur* plirimum currendo et 
20luctand6 ad eum finem, quoad *-stans complecti posset 
In armis véro plurimum studii con- 


doctrina, -ae, f., study, wzsdom. 

condiscipulus, -i, m., fellow 
student. 

ars, artis, f., art, skill. 

ephébus, -i, m., youth. 

palaestra, -ae, f., wrestling. 

athléta, -ae, m., athlete. 

curro, -ere cucurri, cursum, 77. 

luctor, 1, wrestle. 





1. Concessive. 

2. utique dlim: formerly at 
any rate. 

3. labored for. 


SECOND YEAR LATIN — 13 


4. he used to train himself. 

5. quoad . . contendere : 
until he could grapple and strug- 
gle while standing. ) 


194 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


Hlis characteristics. 


3. Ad hanc corporis firmitatem plira etiam animi 
bona accesserant.1 Erat enim modestus, pridéns, 
gravis, temporibus* sapienter iiténs, peritus belli, fortis 
manu, animo maxim6, adeo véritatis diligéns ut né iocd 

5 quidem mentirétur. Idem continéns,* cléméns patiéns- 
que admirandum in modum, n6n sdlum populi sed etiam 
amicoOrum feréns iniirias, in primis commissa célans, 
quod interdum non minus prddest * quam diserté dicere, 
studidsus audiendi; ex hdc enim facillimé disci® arbitra- 

1obatur. Itaque cum in circulum vénisset in qu6d aut dé 
ré publica disputarétur® aut dé philosophia sermd 
habérétur, numquam inde prius discessit quam ad finem 
sermo esset adductus. Paupertatem adeéé facile per- 
pessus’ est, ut dé ré publica nihil praeter gloriam cé- 

15 perit. Amicorum in® sé tuend6 caruit® facultatibus,” 
fidé ad alids sublevandGs saepe sic sus est, ut itidicari 
possit omnia ei" cum amicis fuisse comminia. Nam 
cum aut civium sudrum aliquis ab hostibus esset captus, 





modestus, -a, -um, #odest. mentior, 4, “Ze. _ 
pridéns, priidentis, shrewd. cléméns, clémentis, £zxd. 
sapienter, wzsely. - admirandus, -a, -um ; cf. admiror. 
véritas, véritatis, f., truth. commissum, -i, n., something in- 
dilig6, -ere, -léxi, -léctum, de fond trusted, secret. 
of. diserté, clearly. 
iocus, -i, m., jest. circulus, -i, m., c7vcle, group. 
1. were added. | 7. suffered. 
2. chances. 8. in sé tuend6: 2” protecting 
3. self-controlled. himself. 
4. wuseful. | 9. he did without. 
5. that one learned. 10. = Opibus. 
6. a guestion was being dts- Ir. el cum amicis: Jdetween 


cussed. his friends and himself. 


NEPOS, LIVES 195 
aut virgo amici nubilis, quae propter paupertatem collo- 
cari! non posset, amicorum consilium habébat et, quan- 
tum quisque daret, pro facultatibus imperabat. Eam- 
que summam?’ cum confécerat, priusquam acciperet 

5 peciniam, addiicébat eum qui quaerébat ad eos qui 
conferébant, eique ut ipsi numerarent faciébat ut ille 
ad quem ea perveniébat sciret quantum cuique dé- 
béret. 


His incorruptibility. 


4. Tentata autem eius est abstinentia 4 Diomedonte 

10 Cyzicénd ; namque is, rogatu: Artaxerxis régis, Epaminon- 
dam peciinia corrumpendum * suscéperat. Hic magno 

cum pondere auri Thébas vénit et Micythum aduléscen- 
tulum quinque talentis ad suam perdixit voluntatem, 
quem tum Epaminondas plirimum diligébat. Micythus 

15 Epaminondam convénit et causam adventiis Diomedontis 
ostendit. At ille Diomedonte coram:* ‘nihil,’ inquit, 

; “opus pectinia est; nam si réx ea vult quae Thébanis 
| sunt itilia, gratiis facere sum paratus, sin autem con- 
traria, non habet auri atque argenti satis. Namque 
_ 2oorbis terrarum divitias accipere n6l6 pro patriae caritate. 
Tu quod mé incdgnitum tentasti tuique similem existi- 
masti, non miror tibique igndscd; sed égredere properé, 
né alids corrumpas, cum mé non potueris. _ Et tii, Micy- 





nibilis, -e, #arriageable. 

paupertas, paupertatis, f.; cf. 
pauper. 

numero, I, count out. 

tento, I, Zest. 

abstinentia, -ae, f., se//-restraint. 


rogatu, only in abl., m., dy re- 
guest. 

aurum, -i, n., gold. 

gratiis, for nothing. 

caritas, caritatis, f., Jove. 

properé, 27 a hurry. 





1. be given in marriage. 
2. amount. 
3. bribe; the gerundive con- 


struction with Epaminéndam. 
4. in the presence of; a post- 


_ positive prep. with the abl. case. 


196 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


the, argentum huic redde, aut, nisi id cénféstim facis, 
ego té tradam magistratui.” Hunc Diomedén cum 
rogaret ut tuto exiret suaque quae. attulerat licéret 
efferre; “istud quidem,” inquit, “‘faciam, neque! tua 
5 causa, sed mea, né, si tibi” sit peciinia adémpta, aliquis 
dicat id ad mé éreptum® pervénisse, quod délatum 4 
accipere ndluissem.” A qud cum quaesisset quod sé dé- 
diici® vellet, et ille Athénas dixisset, praesidium dedit, 
ut tuto perveniret. Neque vér6 id satis habuit, sed 
10 €tiam, ut inviolatus in navem éscenderet, per Chabriam 
Athéniénsem, dé quo supra mentidnem fécimus, effécit. 
. Abstinentiae erit hoc satis testimonium. Plirima quidem 
proferre possumus, sed modus adhibendus est, quoniam 
und hodc volimine vitam excellentium virdrum compli- 
15 rium conclidere cénstituimus, quérum ® séparatim multis 
milibus ’ versuum complirés scriptdrés ante nos explica- 
runt.® | 


fis ready repartee and hts eloquence. 


5. Fuit etiam disertus, ut némod ei Thébanus par esset 
€loquentia, neque minus concinnus in brevitate respon- 
20 dendi quam in perpetua® OratiOne Srnatus. .Habuit ob- 
tréctatorem Meneclidén quendam, indidem Thébis, et 


inviolatus, -a, -um, warmed. 

volimen, voliminis, n., Zook. 

conclid6, -ere, -clisi, -clisum, 
include. 

versus, -iis, m., ve. 

scriptor, scriptoris, m., wrzter. 

disertus, -a, -um, /ézent. 


concinnus, -a, -um, well adjusted, 
concise. 

drnatus, -a, -um, elegant. 

obtréctator, obtréctatoris, m., dzs- 
parager, rival. 

indidem, from the same place, 
likewise. 





I. neque tua causa: dut not 
for your sake. 

2. Dat. of separation. 

3. by seizure. 

4. when offered. 


be escorted. 

Sc. vitam. 
Abl. of means. 
described. 

set. : 


oor ae 


eS eee lee 


NEPOS, LIVES 197 


adversarium in administrandaré publica, satisexercitatum 
in dicendo, ut’ Thébanum scilicet; namque illi genti 
plis inest virium quam ingenii. Is, quod in ré militari 
florére Epaminondam vidébat, hortari solébat Thébanods 

5 ut pacem bello anteferrent, né illius imperatoris opera 
désiderarétur. MHuic ille: ‘‘fallis,”’ inquit, ‘“‘ verb6? civés 
tuds, quod hés 4 belld avocas; dtii enim ndmine servi- 
titem concilias. Nam paritur*® pax bello. Itaque qui 
ea dititina* volunt frui, bello exercitati esse débent. 

10 Quaré si principés Graeciae vultis esse, castris est vobis 
iitendum, non palaestra.”” Idem ille Meneclidés cum 
huic obiceret insolentiam, quod sibi Agamemnonis belli 
elériam vidérétur consecitus, at ille “quod,” inquit, 
“autem mé Agamemnonem.aemulari putas, falleris; 

isnamque ille cum iniversa® Graecia vix decem annis 
unam cépit urbem; ego, contra® ea, ina urbe nostra 
diéque wind totam Graeciam Lacedaemoniis fugatis 
liberavi.” | 


Further evidence of his readiness. 


6. Idem’ cum in conventum vénisset Arcadum, peténs 
20 ut societatem cum Thébaniset Argivisfacerent, contraque® 


insum ; cf. sum. 
Avoco, 1 ; cf. voco. 
otium, -i, n., zzactivity, peace. 


insolentia, -ae, f., haughtiness, 
arrogance. 
aemulor, I, 7zval. 





1. ut Thébanum scilicet: ¢haz 
ts, for a Theban. 

2. by means of that word 
(z.e. pacem). 

3. 725 brought about. 

4. long. 

5. timiversa Graecia: wth all 
Greece united. 

6. contra...nostra: on the 


other hand with this one city of 
Ours. , 

7. idem cuni, etc.; the main 
verb of the sentence is dixit, line 
TI, page 198. The subject is re- 
peated in Epaminindas, |. 9, 
page 198. | 

8. -que, connects vénisset and 
postularet. 


198 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 
Callistratus, Athéniénsium légatus, qui éloquentia omnés 
e6 praestabat tempore, postularet ut potius amicitiam se- 
querentur AtticOrum, et in Oratidne sua multa invectus 
esset in Thébanods et Argivos, in* iisque hoc posuisset, 

5 animadvertere débére”? Arcades qualés utraque civitas 
civés procreasset, ex quibus dé céteris possent iudicare ; 
Argivos enim fuisse * Orestem et Alcmaeonem miatricidas, 
Thébis Oedipum natum esse,” qui patrem suum interfécis- 
set; huic in respondendd Epamin6ndas, cum dé céteris 

10 perorasset, postquam ad illa duo opprobria pervénit, ad- 
mirari sé dixit stultitiam* rhétoris Attici, qui n6n ani- 
madverterit, innocentés ill6s natds * domi, scelere admisso 
cum patria essent expulsi, receptds esse ab Athéniénsi- 
bus. Sed maximé eius éloquentia élixit Spartae légati® 

15ante pugnam Leuctricam. Qud cum omnium socidrum 
convénissent légati, coram frequentissim6 légatisnum con- 
ventu sic Lacedaemoniorum tyrannidem coarguit, ut non 
minus illa Sratisne opés eOrum concusserit quam Leuc- 
trica pugna. Tumenim perfécit, quod post apparuit, ut 

20 auxilid Lacedaemonii socidrum privarentur. 


inveh6, -ere, -vexi, -vectum, carry 
against; in pass. with reflexive 
force, wake an attack. 

procred, 1, Aroduce. 


matricida, -ae, m., one who 
murders his mother, matri- 
cide. 


peroro, 1, finzsh. 
opprobrium, -i, n., ~efroach. 
rhétor, rhétoris, m., ovator; 


(implying contempt) ‘alker, 
speechifier. 

éliiced, -ére, -lixi, ——, shzne out, 
be conspicuous. 

coarguo, -ere, -argui, -argutum, 
prove, expose. 

concuti6, -ere, -cussi, -cussum, @s- 
turb, crush. 

appared, -ére, -parui, -paritum, 


appear. 





1. in lis hoc posuisset: ad 
emserted among these attacks this 
statement. 

2. Depend on verb of say- 


ing implied in in. . . posuisset. 
3. stupidity. 
4. Sc. esse. 
5. Appositive with eius. 


NEPOS, LIVES 199 


His patience under criticism. He retains his command beyond the 

legal time limit. 

7. Fuisse! patientem sudrumque inilrias ferentem 
civium, quod sé patriae irasci nefas esse diceret, haec 
sunt testimonia. Cum eum propter invidiam civés sui 
praeficere exercitui ndluissent, duxque esset déléctus belli 
-s imperitus, cuius errdre ed esset déducta illa multitido 
militum ut omnés dé salute pertiméscerent, quod locorum 
angustiis clausi-ab hostibus obsidébantur, ‘désiderari 
coepta est Epaminondae diligentia ; erat enim ibi privatus 
numer6? militis. A qué cum peterent’ opem, nillam ad- 
-1iohibuit memoriam contuméliae et exercitum obsididne 

liberatum domum redixit incolumem. Nec vérd hoc 

semel fécit, sed saepius. Maximé autem fuit illistre,° 
cum in Peloponnésum exercitum dixisset adversus 

Lacedaemonios habéretque collégas duds, quorum alter 
1s erat Pelopidas, vir fortis ac strenuus. Hicumcriminibus 

adversaridrum omnés in invidiam vénissent, ob eamque 

rem imperium iis‘ esset abrogatum, atque in eorum locum 
alii praet6rés successissent, Epaminondas populi scito 
non paruit, idemque ut facerent persuasit collégis, et bel- 
zolum quod suscéperat gessit. Namque animadvertébat, 

nisi id fécisset, totum exercitum propter praetorum im- 

priudentiam inscitiamque belli perittrum. Léx erat 

Thébis quae morte multabat, si ° quis imperium diitius 





irascor, -i, irdtus sum, Je angry. abrogo, 1, take away. 
nefas, indecl., n., 527. scitum, -i, n., decree. 
pertimésco, -ere,-timui, ——;cf. impridentia, -ae, f.; cf. in (vo?) 
timed. + pridentia. 
strénuus, -a, -um, actzve. inscitia, -ae, f. ; cf. in (ot) + scid. 
1. Sc. Epaminéndam as sub- 3. famous. 
ject. 4. Dat. of separation. 


2. with the rank. 5. siquis: whoever. 


200 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


retinuisset, quam lége praefinitum foret.". Hanc Epa- 
minondas, cum rei publicae cOnservandae causa latam ? 
vidéret, ad perniciem civitatis conferre * ndluit et quattuor 
ménsibus diutius, quam populusiusserat, gessit imperium. 


fle ingeniously defends his act and escapes the penalty. 


5 8. Postquam domum reditum est, collégae eius hoc 
crimine accisabantur. Quibus ille permisit, ut omnem 
causam in sé transferrent, sudque opera‘ factum conten- 
derent ut légi non oboedirent. Qua défénsidne illis 
periculo liberatis, nemo Epaminondam respdnstrum *® 

1oputabat, quod quid diceret non habéret. At ille in 
ludicium vénit, nihil edrum negavit quae adversarii 
crimini® dabant, omniaque quae collégae dixerant c6n- 
fessus est, neque reciisavit qué minus légis poenam 
subiret, sed inum ab iis petivit ut in sepulcr6d sud in- 

15 scriberent: ‘“ Epaminondas a Thebanis morte multatus 
est, quod eds coégit apud Leuctra superare Lacedae- 
monids, quos ante’ sé imperatdrem némd Boedtidrum 
ausus sit aspicere in acié, quodque tino proelid non solum 
Thébias ab interitii retraxit, sed etiam tiniversam Grae- 

20ciam in® libertatem vindicavit, edque*® rés utr6rumque 
perdixit ut Thébani Spartam oppugnarent, Lacedae- 
monii satis habérent, si salvi esse possent, neque prius 
bellare déstitit quam Messéné restitita urbem edrum 





praefinid, 4, prescribe. ; aspicio, -ere, -spéxi, -spectum ; 
oboedis, 4, obey. cf. perspicio. 
inscribo ; cf. scribd. salvus, -a, -um, safe. 
I. = essét. 7. ante sé imperatodrem: Jde- 
2. Sc. esse: had been passed. fore he was general. 
3. apply. 8. in libertatem vindicavit: 
4. instrumentality. set free. 
5. offer a defense. .  Q. eO... perdiixit: so man- 
6. as a charge. aged the fortunes of both. 


NEPOS, LIVES 


201 


obsididne clausit.”” Haec cum dixisset, risus omnium 
cum hilaritate coortus est, neque quisquam iUdex ausus 
est dé ed ferre suffragium. Sic a itidicio* capitis maxima 


discessit gloria. 


fis death. 

9. Hic extrém6? tempore imperator apud Mantinéam, 
cum acié instricta audacius instaret hostibus, cognitus a 
Lacedaemoniis, quod in wnius* pernicié eius patriae 
sitam‘* putabant salitem, Universi in inum impetum 
fécérunt, neque prius abscessérunt quam magna caede 
1o facta, multisque occisis, fortissimé ipsum Epaminondam 
pugnantem, spard Eminus percussum,° concidere vidérunt. 
Huius cast aliquantum retardati sunt Boeotii, neque 
tamen prius pugna excessérunt quam repugnantés’ 


profligarunt. 


At Epaminondas, cum animadverteret 


1s mortiferum sé vulnus accépisse, simulque si ferrum, 
quod ex hastili in corpore remanserat, extraxisset, ani- 
mam statim émissirum,’ usque® ed retinuit,” quoad 


renuntiatum est vicisse BoedtiGs. 


Id postquam audivit, 


“satis,” inquit, ‘‘vixi; invictus enim morior.’”’ Tum ferro 
20 extract6 conféstim exanimatus est. 


risus, -tis, m., daughter. 
hilaritas, hilaritatis, f., zayety. 
itidex, itidicis, m., judge. 
abscedo ; cf: cédd. 

sparus, -i, m., s#zall spear. 
éminus, from a distance. 


aliquantum, somewhat. 

retardo, 1, keep back. 

mortiferus, -a, -um; cf. mors + 
fero. 

hastile, hastilis, m., spear shaft. 

extraho ; cf. traho. 





1. itidicid capitis: ¢rzal for 
his life. 

2. extrémod tempore: at /ast. 

3. tmius eius: of this one 
man. 

4. depended on. 

5. in tnum: sc. Epaminon- 
dam, 


6. pierced. 
7. opponents. 
8. Depends on animadver- 


teret; sc. sé as subject. 


g. usque e0 quoad: even fo 
the time when. 
1o. Sc. ferrum, 


202 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


Anecdotes. The decline of Thebes after his death. 


10. Hic uxorem numquam duxit. In* quo cum 
reprehenderétur (quod liberds non relinqueret) a Pe- 
lopida, qui filium habébat infamem, maleque? eum in? 
eO patriae consulere diceret,* ‘‘vidé,” inquit, “né ti 

5 peius consulas, qui talem ex té natum relictirus sis. 
Neque véro stirps potest mihi deesse; namque ex® mé 
natam relingué pugnam Leuctricam, quae non modo 
mihi superstes, sed etiam immortalis sit necesse est.” 
Oud ® tempore, duce Pelopida, exsulés Thébas occuparunt 

1oet praesidium Lacedaemonidrum ex arce expulérunt, 
Epaminondas, quamditi’ facta est caedés civium, dom6 
sé tenuit quod neque malds® défendere volébat neque 
impugnare, né manus sudrum® sanguine cruentaret; 
namque omnem civilem” victoriam funestam putabat. 

15 Idem, postquam apud Cadméam cum Lacedagmanns 
pugnari coeptum est, in” primis stetit. 

Huius dé virtitibus vitaque satis erit dictum, si hoc 
inum adiiinxerd, quod némo ibit infitias, Thébas” et 
ante Epamindndam natum et post eiusdem interitum 

20 perpetud * aliénd paruisse imperio; contra ea, quam dit 
infamis, -e, disreputadle. cruento, I, stazn. 


stirps, stirpis, f., stock, progeny. fiinestus, -a, -um, fatal, disas- 
superstes, superstitis, surviving.  trous. 





exsul, exsulis, m., exz/e. infitias, acc. only ; with ire, deny. 
“1. in quo: on this point. 7. quamdiu: as long as. 
2. male cdnsulere: ad no 8. traitors. 

proper regard for. 9. of his fellow citizens. 
3. ined: zu this matter. 10. over his fellow citizens. 
4. Sc. Pelopidas as subject. 11. in primis: among the 
5. ex mé natam: as my (first. 

daughter. 12. Subject of paruisse and 


6. qué tempore: at the time  fuisse. 
when. 13. Adverb. 


NEPOS, LIVES 203 


ille praefuerit rei publicae, caput fuisse totius Graeciae. 
Ex quod intellegi potest Unum hominem pliris' quam 
civitatem fuisse. 


V. HANNIBAL 


247-183 
Hannibal's greatness as a general, Lis hatred of the Romans. 


1. Hawnnrpat, Hamilcaris filius, Karthaginiénsis. Si 
5 verum est, quod némod dubitat, ut populus Romanus 
-omnés gentés virtite superarit, non est infitiandum 
Hannibalem tanto praestitisse céterOs imperatorés priu- 
dentia, quanto populus Romanus antecédat fortitiidine 
ciinctas nationés. Nam quotiénscumque cum e6? con- 
10 gressus est in Italia, semper discessit superior. Quod ® 
nisi domi civium suodrum invidia débilitatus esset, Ro- 
manos vidétur superare potuisse.* Sed multdrum ob- 
tréctatio dévicit. inius virtitem. 
Hic autem velut® héréditate relictum odium paternum 
15 erga R6man6s sic cOnservavit, ut prius animam quam id ® 
déposuerit ; qui quidem, cum patria pulsus esset et 
aliénadrum opum indigéret,’? numquam déstiterit anim6 
bellare cum R6oma§anis. 





infitior, 1, deny. } odium, -i, n., Aatred, grudge, ani- 
quotienscumque, as often as. . mosity. 
débilitd, 1, weaken. paternus, -a, -um, of a father; 
obtréctatio, obtréctationis, f., here, zs father’s. 
jealousy. erga, Zowards. 
1. of more consequence. 5. velut héréditate: dy zxher- 
2. 2¢. populd Rdminé. ttance, as it were. 
3. quod nisi: zzless then. 6. z.é. odium. 


4. would have been able. 7. needed. 


204. © SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


His vow. 


2. Nam ut* omittam Philippum, quem abséns hostem 
reddidit ROmanis, omnium iis temporibus potentissimus 
réx Antiochus fuit. Hunc tanta cupiditate incendit? 
bellandi, ut usque a rubro mari 
arma conatus sit inferre Italiae. 
Ad quem cum légati vénissent 
Romani, qui dé eius voluntate 
explorarent darentque * operam 
consiliis clandestinis, ut Hanni- 
balem in suspicidnem régi‘* ad- 
dicerent, tamquam ab ipsis cor- 
ruptus alia® atque antea sentiret, 
neque id friistra fécissent, idque 

Hannibal comperisset séque ab interidribus consiliis sé- 
15 gregari vidisset, tempore ® datd adiit ad régem, eique cum 

multa dé fidé sua et odid in ROmands commemorasset, 

hoc aditinxit. ‘‘ Pater meus,” inquit, ‘‘ Hamilcar, puerulé 
mé, utpote non amplius novem annds nato,’ in His- 
paniam imperator proficiscéns Karthagine, Iovi optimd 
20 maximo hostids immolavit. Quae divina rés dum confi- 
ciébatur, quaesivit 4 mé vellemne sécum in castra pro- 

ficisci. Id cum libenter accépissem atque ab eo petere * 

coepissem né dubitaret diicere, tum ille, ‘faciam,’ inquit, 


10 





Sacrificium 





ruber, rubra, rubrum, ved.  g@grego, 1, separate, exclude. 
clandestinus, -a, -um, 4zdden, puerulus, -i, m., “ttle doy. 
secret. utpote, zamely, as being. 
tamquam, as 7. hostia, -ae, f., vzctzm. 
1. ut omittam: Zo omit. felt differently than before. 
2. Sc. Hannibal as subject. 6. chance. 
3. darent operam: /7y. 7. Agrees with mé. 
4. in the king’s eyes. . 8. petere né dubitaret: deg 
5. alia atque antead sentiret: im not to hesitate. 


NEPOS, LIVES. 205 


‘si mihi fidem, quam postulo, dederis.’ Simul mé ad 
aram adduxit, apud quam sacrificare instituerat, eamque 
céteris remétis tenentem iirare iussit, numquam mé in 
amicitia cum Romanis fore. Id ego itisitirandum patri 
5 datum usque ad hanc aetatem ita coOnservavi, ut némini 
dubium esse débeat, quin reliqué tempore eadem mente 
sim futirus. Quaré si quid amicé dé Rémanis cégitabis, 
non impridenter féceris si mé' célaris; cum quidem 
bellum parabis, té ipsum fristraberis si non mé in e6 
10 principem posueris.”’ 
fis campaign in Spain, and his advance over the Alps into Italy. 


3. Hac igitur qua diximus aetate cum patre in His- 
paniam profectus est; cuius post obitum, Hasdrubale 
imperatore suffecto, equitatul omni praefuit. Hoc 

_quoque interfecto, exercitus summam imperil ad eum 
15 détulit. Id? Karthaginem délatum piblicé comprobatum 
est. Sic Hannibal minor quinque et viginti annis natus 
imperator factus proximd triennid omnés gentés His- 
paniae bello subégit ;* Saguntum, foederatam civitatem, 
vi expugnavit, trés exercitiis maximds comparavit. Ex 
20his tinum in Africam misit, alterum cum Hasdrubale 
fratre in Hispania reliquit, tertium in Italiam sécum 
dixit. Saltum‘* Pyrénaeum transiit. Quacumque iter 
f€cit, cum omnibus incolis conflixit ; néminem nisi victum 





ara, -ae, f., altar. sufficid, -ere, -féci, -fectum, aJ- 
sacrifico, 1, sacrzfice. point instead. 
amicé, adv.; cf. amicus. -comprobdo, I, approve. 
impridenter ; cf. in (of) + pri- triennium, -i, n.; cf. trés + annus. 
 dentia. | foederatus, -a, -um, a//ied. 
friistror, 1, deceive, disappoint, quicumque, quaecumque, quod- 
trick. cumque, whoever, whatever. 
1. from me. 3. subdued. 


2. z.é. his appointment. - 4. mountain. range. 


206 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


dimisit. Ad Alpés posteaquam vénit, quae Italiam ab 
Gallia séiungunt, quas némd umquam cum exercitii ante 
eum praeter Herculem Graium transierat (quo facto is 

_ hodié saltus Gradius appellatur), Alpicds conantés prohi- 

5 bére transiti concidit, loca patefécit, itinera miniit,! 
effécit ut ea? elephantus drnatus* ire posset, qua antea 
unus homo inermis vix poterat répere. Hac copias 
tradixit in Italiamque pervénit. 


fHTis victories in Italy. 


4. Conflixerat apud Rhodanum cum P. Cornélid 

10 Scipi6ne coénsule eumque pepulerat. Cum hdc eddem 
Clastidii* apud Padum décernit sauciumque inde ac 
fugatum dimittit. Tertid idem Scipio cum colléga Ti- 
berid Longé apud Trebiam adversus eum vénit. Cum iis 
manum conseruit; utrdsque profligavit. Inde per Ligurés 
15 Appenninum transiit, peténs Etririam. Ho6c itinere 
adeo gravi morbo adficitur oculérum, ut posted numquam 
dextr6 aequé bene usus sit. Qua valétiidine cum etiam- 
tum premerétur lecticaque ferrétur, C. Flaminium c6n- 
sulem apud Trasumennum cum exercitit insidiis circum- 
20 ventum occidit, neque multd post C. Centénium prae- 
torem cum délécta mani salttis occupantem. Hine in 
-Apuliam pervénit. Ibi obviam® ei vénérunt duo cén- 
sulés, C. Terentius et L. Aemilius. Utriusque exerci- 
tis tind proelid fugavit, Paulum cdnsulem occidit et 


séiungd, -ere, -itinxi, -itinctum, cdnser6, -ere, -serui, -sertum, 7077; 

separate. with manum, 7o7x battle. 
transitus, -tis ; cf. ed. lectica, -ae, f., couch, sedan. 
répo, -ere, répsi, réptum, creep. 





1. duzlt. | 3. with its load. 
2. 08 sc, 2 OUR Rees. 4. Locative. 
where. 5. to meet. 


NEPOS, LIVES 207 


aliquot ' praeterea consularés, in iis Cn. Servilium Gemi- 
num, qui superiore anno fuerat consul. 


He outwits Fabius and defeats the Roman generals. 

5. Hac pugna pugnata, Romam profectus est nillo 
resistente. In propinquis urbi montibus moratus est. 
5, Cum aliquot ibi diés castra habuisset et Capuam reverte- 
rétur, Q. Fabius Maximus, dictator Romanus, in agro 
Falern6 ei sé obiécit. Hic clausus locdrum angustiis, 
nocti sine ull6 détrimentd exercitiis? sé expedivit Fa- 
bidque, callidissim6 imperato6ri, dedit* verba. Namque 
10 obducta* nocte sarmenta® in cornibus iuvencdrum dé- 
ligata incendit eiusque generis multitidinem magnam 
dispalatam immisit. Qu6 repentino obiecté visi, tantum 
terrorem iniécit® exercitui ROmandrum ut égredi extra 
vallum ném6 sit ausus. Hanc post rem gestam non ita 
15 multis diébus M. Minucium Rifum, magistrum equitum 
pari ac’ dictatorem imperid, dold productum in proelium 
fugavit. Tiberium Sempronium Gracchum, iterum con- 
sulem, in® Luicanis abséns ® in insidias inductum sustulit. 
M. Claudium Maéarcellum, quinquiés consulem, apud 
20 Venusiam pari modo interfécit. Longum est omnia 
€numerare proelia. Quaré hoc unum satis erit dictum, 
ex quo intellegi possit quantus ille fuerit: quamdit in 





iuvencus, -i, m., dudlock. magister, magistri, m., master, 
dispalor, 1, wander about. commander. 
visus, -iis, m., szght. quinquiés, five ¢t7mes. 
1. several. 6. Sc. Hannibal as subject. 
2. Objective gen. with détri- 7. ac dictatdrem: ¢o that of 
_ mento. dictator. 
3. dedit verba: decezved. 8. in Liicanis modifies sus- 
4. obducta nocte: uwzder the  tulit. : 1 
cover of night. 9. though not in command 


5. twigs. | personally. 


208 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


Italia fuit, ném6 ei in acié restitit, némd adversus eum 
post Cannénsem pugnam in camp6! castra posuit. 


He retires from Italy and is defeated by Scipio at Zama. 
6. Hinc invictus patriam défénsum? revocatus bellum 
gessit adversus P. Scipionem, filium eius Scipidnis, 
5 quem ipse primo apud Rhodanum, iterum apud Padum, 
tertis apud Trebiam fugarat. Cum hoc exhaustis? 
iam patriae facultatibus cupivit impraesentiarum bellum 
componere, quo valentior postea congrederétur. Incollo- 
quium convénit, condici6nés non convénérunt.‘ Post id 
1ofactum paucis diébus apud Zamam cum eddem conflixit ; 
pulsus (incrédibile dictti) bidu6 et duabus noctibus Ha- 
drimétum pervénit, quod abest ab Zama circiter milia pas- 
suum trecenta. In hac fuga Numidae, qui simul cum e6é 
ex acié excesserant, insidiati sunt e1; quds non sdlum 
- 15 effiigit, sed etiam ipsds oppressit. Hadriméti reliquds 
é fuga collégit; novis déléctibus paucis diébus multés 
contraxit. 


As chief magistrate, he manages home affairs well, but finally flees to 
Antiochus. 


7. Cum in apparand6 acerrimé esset occupatus, Kar- 
thaginiénsés bellum cum R6manis composuérunt.  Ille 
20 nihild sétius exercitul postea praefuit résque in Africa 
gessit itemque Mago frater eius usque ad® P. Sulpicium 
C. Aurélium consulés. His* enim magistratibus légati 
Karthaginiénsés Ro6mam vénérunt, qui senatui populoque 


impraesentiarum, for the present. insidior, 1, We 7x wait for. 
compon6, -ere, -posui, -positum, déléctus, -iis, m.; cf. déligo. 





settle, end. apparo, 1, prepare. 
1. field. 4. were agreed upon. 
2. Supine. | 5. to the time of. 


3. drained. 6. his magistratibus: abl. abs. 


— ae 


—— 


Se a a 





NEPOS, LIVES 209 


Romano gratids agerent, quod cum iis pacem fécissent, 
ob eamque rem corona aurea’ eds donarent simulque 
peterent ut obsidés eorum Fregellis? essent captivique 
redderentur. His ex senatiis consult6 respo6nsum est: 
5 minus eorum gratum acceptumque esse; obsidés, quo 
loc6d rogarent, futiros; captivds non remisstirés, quod * 
Hannibalem, cuius opera susceptum bellum foret, inimi- 
cissimum nodmini Rdomané, etiam nunc cum imperi6 apud 
exercitum habérent itemque fratrem eius Magonem. 
-yoH6c responso Karthaginiénsés cognito Hannibalem 
domum et Magonem revocarunt. Hic ut rediit, réx 
factus est, postquam imperator fuerat, anno secundo et 
vicésim6; ut enim Romae codnsulés, sic Karthagine 
quotannis annui bini régés creabantur. In e6 magi- 
15 Stratii pari diligentia sé Hannibal praebuit, ac‘ fuerat in 
bello. Namaque effécit ex novis vectigalibus non solum 
ut esset peciinia quae Romanis ex® foedere penderétur, 
sed etiam superesset, quae in aerarid repOnerétur. 
Deinde, M. Claudio L. Furis consulibus, Roma légati 
20 Karthaginem vénérunt. Hos Hannibal ratus sui expo- 
scendi gratia missOs, priusquam iis senadtus® darétur, 
navem ascendit clam atque in Syriam ad Antiochum 
profigit. Hac ré palam’ facta Poeni navés duas, quae 
eum comprehenderent, SI possent consequi, misérunt ; 
25 bona eius publicarunt, domum a fundamentis disiécérunt, 
ipsum exsulem iiidicarunt. 





foedus, foederis, n., treaty. public6, 1, confiscate. 
aerarium, -i, n., /reasury. fundamentum, -i, n., foundation, 
repono ; cf. pond. groundwork. 

1. golden. | the army. 

2. at Fregellae. 4. as. 


3. quod Hannibalem, etc.: 5. 7 accordance with. 
because they even then kept 6. hearing before the senate. 
Hannibal . . . in command of 7. palam facta= nuntiata. 

SECOND YEAR LATIN — 14 


210 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


Fle arouses Antiochus to war against the Romans. 


8. At Hannibal annd quart6, postquam domo6 pro- 
fugerat, L. Cornélid Q. Minucié consulibus, cum quinque 
navibus. Africam accessit in finibus C¥rénaedrum, si! 
forte Karthaginiénsés ad bellum Antiochi’ spé fiditiciaque 

5 indtcerentur,’ cui iam persuaserat ut cum exercitibus in 
Italiam proficiscerétur. Hic Magonem fratrem excivit. 
Id ubi Poeni rescivérunt, Magonem eadem, qua fratrem, 
absentem adfécérunt poena. _Illi* déspératis rebus cum 
solvissent navés ac véla ventis dedissent, Hannibal 

road Antiochum pervénit. Dé Magonis interitii duplex 
memoria prodita est; namque alii naufragi6,° alii a ser- 
vulis ipsius interfectum eum scriptum® reliquérunt. 
Antiochus autem, si tam in gerendo bell6 cénsiliis eius’ 
parére voluisset quam® in suscipiendo instituerat, pro- 
1spius Tiberi? quam Thermopylis d@é summa _ imperii 
dimicasset. Quem” etsi multa stulté™ conari vidébat,” 
tamen nulla déseruit” in ré. Praefuit paucis navibus, 
quas ex Syria iussus erat in Asiam diicere, lisque adver- 
‘sus Rhodidrum classem in Pamphylid mari conflixit. 

20 Qud cum * multitiidine adversaridrum sui“ superarentur, 

ipse, quo corni rem gessit, fuit superior. 


excied (or excid), -ére (-ire), -civi vélum, -i, n., saz/. 
(-ii), -citum (-citum), ca// out, servulus, -i, m., a Uittle slave, 





summon. slave. 

1. (¢o see) of. 7. 2.¢. Hannibalis. 

2. Antiochi . . . fidiiciaque: 8. quam. . .instituerat: as 
because of the faith and hope he had done in beginning it. 
(they had) in Antiochus. 9. Dat. with propius. 

3. they could be drawn into. 10. z.¢. Antiochus. 

4. z.e. Hannibal and Mago. 11. foolishly. 

5. Cf. navis + frango. 12. Sc. Hannibal as subject. 

6. scriptum reliquérunt: ave 13. Concessive. 


left a record to the effect that. 14. Ais forces. 


a 


NEPOS, LIVES 211 


He goes to Crete and there saves his money by a ruse. 


9. Antiocho fugato, veréns né déderétur, quod sine 
dubio accidisset si’ sui fécisset potestatem, Crétam ad . 
Gortynios vénit, ut ibi quod sé cdnferret cdnsideraret. 
Vidit autem vir omnium 

5 callidissimus in magno 
sé fore periculd, nisi? 
quid providisset, propter 
avaritiam Créténsium; 
magnam enim sécum 

Iopeciiniam portabat, dé 
qua sciébat exisse fa- 
mam. Itaque capit tale 
consilium. Amphoras complirés complet plumb3,? 
summas* operit aurd et argento. Has, praesentibus 

15 principibus, déponit in templ6 Dianae, simulans sé suas 
fortiinas illdrum fidei crédere. His in errdrem inductis, 
statuas a€neas, quas sécum portabat, omni sua pecunia 
complet easque in prdpatulo domi abicit.2 GortYnii 
templum magna cura custddiunt, non tam a céteris quam 

20ab Hannibale, né ille, inscientibus iis, tolleret seécumque 














diiceret. 
cOnsidero, 1, look at carefully, operid, -ire, -perui, -pertum, 
consider. cover. 
amphora, -ae, f., a fwo-handled aéneus, -a, -um, bronze. 
jar. propatulum, -i, n., courtyard. 
I. sl... potestatem: 7f “he 3- lead. 
had given them a chance at him. 4. Sc. amphoras: ¢he tops of 
2. nisi... providisset: ux- the jars. 


less he should take some precau- 
tion. 


5. As though they were of no 
value. 


aS SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


Fle goes to Prusias. Invents a novel piece of stratagem. 


10. Sic cOnservatis suis rébus Poenus, illtisis Créténsi- 
bus omnibus, ad Prisiam in Pontum pervénit. Apud- 
quem eddem animé fuit erga Italiam, neque aliud quic- 
quam égit quam régem armavit et exercuit adversus 

5 Romanos. Quem cum vidéret domesticis opibus minus? 
esse robustum, conciliabat céterds régés, adiungébat 
bellicdsas natiodnés. Dissidébat ab edo? Pergaménus réx 
Eumenés, ROmanis amicissimus, bellumque inter eds 
gerébatur et mari et terra; quod magis cupiébat eum 

10 Hannibal opprimi. Sed utrobique Eumenés plis valébat 
propter ROmanorum societatem: quem si remOvisset, 
facilidra sibi cétera fore arbitrabatur. Ad hunc inter- 
ficiendum talem iniit ratisnem. Classe paucis diébus 
erant® décrétiri. Superabatur navium multitidine; 

15dol6 erat pugnandum, cum par n6dn esset armis. Im- 
peravit quam plirimas venénatas serpentés vivas colligi 
easque in vasa fictilia conici. Harum cum effécisset 
magnam multitiidinem, dié ipso, quo factirus erat navale 
proelium, classiarids convocat lisque praecipit, omnés ut 

20in Unam Eumenis régis concurrant navem, a céteris tan- 


tum satis * habeant sé défendere. 
tium multitidine cOnsecitiro6s. 


illid6, -ere, -lisi, -lisum, decezve. 


rObustus, -a, -um, Jowerful. 
dissided, -ére, -sédi, -séssum, 
differ. 

utrobique, ov doth sides; here, 
on land and sea. 


Id illds facile serpen- 
Réx autem in qua nave 


venénatus, -a, -um, //led with 
potson, potsonous. 

serpéns, serpentis, f, szake. 

vas, vasis, n., plu. vasa, vasoOrum, 
jar. 
fictilis, -e, earthen. 





I. mot very. 
2. z.é. Prusias. | 
3. erant décrétiri: ¢hey were 


going to fight. 
4. satis habeant: should con- 
sider it enough. 





NEPOS, LIVES 213 


veherétur ut! scirent sé factirum ; quem si aut cépissent 
aut interfécissent, magn6 iis pollicétur praemio fore. 


By this strategy, he defeats Eumenes. 


11. Tali cohortatidne militum facta classis ab utrisque 

in proelium dédicitur. Quarum acié cOonstituta, prius- 

5 quam signum pugnae darétur, Hannibal, ut 
palam faceret suis, quo locé Eumenés esset, 
tabellarium in scapha? cum cadiiced mittit. 
Qui ubi ad navés adversaridrum pervénit epistu- 
lamque ostendéns sé régem professus® est 
1oquaerere, statim ad Eumenem déductus est, 
quod némo dubitabat quin aliquid dé pace 
esset scriptum. Tabellarius dycis nave déclarata 
suis,‘ eGdem unde erat égressus sé recépit. At 
Eumenés solita® epistula nihil in ea repperit, 
15 nisi quae ad irridendum eum pertinérent. Cuius 
etsi causam mirabatur neque reperiébat, tamen 
proelium statim committere noén dubitavit. Hdrum in 
concurst' Bithynii Hannibalis praecept6* tniversi navem 
Eumenis adoriuntur. Qudrum vim réx cum sustinére 
zonon posset, fuga saliitem petiit; quam’ cOnseciitus non 
esset, nisi intra sua praesidia sé recépisset, quae in pro- 
xim6 litore erant collocata. Reliquae Pergaménae navés 
cum adversarids premerent Aacrius, repente in eds vasa 
fictilia, dé quibus supra mentidnem fécimus, conici coepta 








Caduceus 


tabellarius, -i, m., messenger, cadiiceus, -1, m., herald’s staff, 





herald. the token of a peace envoy. 
1. ut... factirum: he would 5. opened. 

see to tt that they should know. 6. zn accordance with the com- 
2. small boat. mand. 
3. professus est: stated. 7. quam... esset: he would 


4. to his own men. , not have reached safety. 


214 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


sunt. Quae'iacta initid risum pugnantibus concitarunt, 
neque quaré id fieret poterat intellegi. Postquam autem 
navés suas opplétas cOnspéxérunt serpentibus, nova ré 
perterriti cum quid” potissimum vitarent n6dn vidérent, 

5 puppés vertérunt séque ad sua castra nautica rettulérunt. 
Sic Hannibal consilis arma Pergaménérum superavit, 
neque tum-sdlum, sed saepe alias pedestribus copiis pari 
pridentia pepulit adversarids. — 


FTis death by poison. 


12. Quae dum in Asia geruntur, accidit casi ut légati 

10 Priisiae Romae apud* T. Quintium Flamininum consula- 
rem cénarent, atque ibi dé Hannibale mentidne facta ex 
iis nus diceret eum in Pritisiae régn6 esse. Id posterd 
dié Flamininus senatui détulit. Patrés * conscripti, qui 
Hannibale viv6 numquam sé sine insidiis futtir6ds existi- 
15 marent, légatds in BithYniam misérunt, in iis Flamininum, 
qui ab rége peterent né° inimicissimum suum sécum 
habéret sibique® déderet.’ His Priisia negare ausus 
non est; illud® rectisavit, né id a sé fieri postularent, 
quod adversus itis hospitii esset; ipsi, si possent, com- 
20 prehenderent ;* locum ubi esset facile inventirdos. 
Hannibal enim tind locd sé tenébat in castelld, quod ei 

a rége datum erat mineri, idque sic aedificarat ut in 


nauticus, -a, -um, aval. cénd, 1, ane. 





1. quae iacta: the throwing enemy with him. 


of these. 6. -que: but. 
2. quid... vitarent: what GME Sh | oF 
they should avoid most. 8. illud rectisavit né, etc.: 


3. at the house of. 

4. patrés cOnscripti: sesazfors. 

5. né... habéret: 
should not keep their greatest 


that he. 


but he did object to this that 
they, etc. 

g. Subjunctive — representing 
imperative of direct discourse. ° 


NEPOS, LIVES 215 


omnibus partibus aedificii exitiis habéret, scilicet! veréns 
né? iisti veniret quod accidit. Hitic cum légati Roma- 
‘“ndorum vénissent ac multitiidine domum eius circumdedis- 
sent, puer ab ianua prospiciéns Hannibali dixit plirés © 

5 praeter cOnsuétidinem armatOos apparére.*? Qui impera- 
vit ei ut omnés forés aedificii circumiret, ac properé‘ 
sibi nintiaret num°® eddem modo undique obsidérétur. 
Puer cum celeriter quid esset renintiasset omnésque 
exitiis occupatds ostendisset, sénsit id non _ fortuitd 

1o factum, sed sé peti neque® sibi diiitius vitam esse reti- 
nendam. Quam’ né aliéno. arbitrid dimitteret, memor 
pristindrum virtutum, venénum,® quod semper sécum ha- 
bére coOnsuérat, stimpsit. 


[Tis historians and his own writings. 


13. Sic vir fortissimus, multis variisque perfinctus 

15 laboribus, anno adquiévit septuagésim6. Quibus ® con- 
sulibus interierit, non” convenit. Namque Atticus M. 
Claudio Marcello Q. Fabio Labedne consulibus mor- 
tuum” in annali sud scriptum reliquit, at Polybius L. 
Aemilis Paulo Cn. Baebis Tamphild, Sulpicius autem 
20 Blitho P. Cornélis Cethégo M. Baebio Tamphild. Atque™ 


ianua, -ae, f., door. 

foris, foris, f., door. 

memor, memoris, #2ndful. 
perfungor, -i, -finctus sum, fer- 


form. 
adquiésco, -ere, -quiévi, -quiétum, 
go to rest, die. 
annalis, annalis, m., vecord. 





1. evidently. 

2. né... veniret: 
should haben. 

3. appeared. 

4. = celeriter. 

5. whether. 

6. neque retinendam: 
not be preserved. 

7. 2.é. vitam, 


lest that 


could 


8. poison. 

9. quibus. . . interierit: in- 
direct question. 

1o. nOn convenit: 7 zs not 
agreed. , 

Ir. mortuum (esse) : SC. 


eum; depends on scriptum reli- 


quit. 
12. and yet. 


216 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


hic tantus vir tantisque bellis districtus ndnnihil temporis 
tribuit litteris. _Namque aliquot eius libri sunt, Graecd 
sermone confecti, in lis ad! Rhodios dé? Cn. Manlii 
Vulsonis in Asia rébus gestis. Huius* belli‘ gesta 

5 multi memoriae prodidérunt, sed ex his duo® qui cum 
eo in castris fuérunt simulque vixérunt, quamdit fortiina 
passa est, Silénus et Sdsilus Lacedaemonius. Atque 
hoc Sodsil6 Hannibal litterarum Graecarum iisus est 
doctore. ; 

10 Sednds® tempus est huius libri facere finem et R6ma- 
norum explicare imperatorés, quo facilius collatis utr6- 
rumque’ factis, qui viri praeferendi sint, possit iudicari. 


VI. CATO 


234-149 
Cato’s life up to his consulship, 


1. M. Caro, ortus miinicipio Tuscul6, aduléscentulus, 
priusquam honoribus operam daret, versatus est * in Sabi- 
1snis, quod ibi hérédium a patre relictum habébat. Inde 
hortati’? L. Valerii Flacci, quem in consulati cénstra- 
que habuit collégam, ut M. Perpenna cénsorius narrare 


distring6, -ere, -strinxi, -strictum, 
draw apart, engage. 
liber, libri, m., doo0k. 
doctor, doctéris, m.; cf. doced. 
minicipium, -i, n., a free town, 
z.é. with its own laws. 


aduléscentulus, -i, m., @ very 
young man. 

hérédium, -i, n., ax inherited 
estate. 

cénsira, -ae, f., censorship. 
cénsOrius, -i, m., é%-censor. 





1. ad Rhodids: z.e. liber ad 
Rhodids. 

2. Governs rébus gestis. 

3. z.e. Hannibal. 

4. belli gesta: deeds of war. 


&. OC. GUine 


6. nds facere finem: for me 
to make an end. 

7. 2.e. Roman and Greek 
generals. | 

8. versatus est = vixit. 

9. at the suggestion. 


NEPOS, LIVES 217 


solitus est, Romam démigravit in fordque esse coepit. 
Primum stipendium* meruit annorum decem septemque. 
Q. Fabio M. Claudio consulibus tribinus militum in 
Sicilia fuit. Inde ut rediit, castra seciitus est C. Claudi 
5 Neronis, magnique opera eius existimata est in proelid 
apud Sénam, quo cecidit Hasdrubal, frater Hannibalis. 
Quaestor obtigit P. Africand consuli, cum qué non pro? 
sortis necessitudine vixit; namque ab eo perpetua dis- 
sénsit vita. Aedilis plébi* factus est cum C. Helvié. 
10 Praetor provinciam obtinuit Sardiniam, ex qua quaestor 
superidre tempore ex Africa décédéns Q. Ennium poé- 
tam dédiixerat, quod non minoris aestimamus quam 
quemlibet amplissimum Sardiniénsem triumphum. 


Fis consulship and cerisorship. His sternness. 

2. Consulatum gessit cum L. Valerio Flacco; sorte 

15 provinciam nactus Hispaniam citeridrem, exque ea tri- 
umphum déportavit. Ibi cum dittius morarétur, P. 
Scipio Africanus consul iterum, cuius in pridri consulati 
quaestor fuerat, voluit eum dé provincia dépellere ‘et 
ipse ei succédere, neque hoc per senatum efficere potuit, 
20cum‘ quidem Scipio principatum in civitate obtinéret, 
quod tum non potentia,° sed itire rés publica administra- 
batur. Qua ex ré iratus senatul, consulatii peract6 pri- 
vatus in urbe mansit. At Catd, cénsor cum eddem 
Flaccé factus, sevéré praefuit e1 potestati. Nam et in 


obting6, -ere, -tigi, ——, fall to quilibet, quaelibet, quidlibet 


the lot of. any. 
aedilis, aedilis, m., zedi/e. sevéeré, strictly, with sternness, 
poéta, -ae,m., Poet. rigorously. 





1. stipendium meruit: served of this assignment. 
a campaign. 3. Genitive. : 

2. pro sortis necessitiidine: 77 4. Concessive. 
accordance with the usual terms 5. personal influence. 


218 SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR AND NEPOS 


complurés nobilés animadvertit, et multas rés novas in 
édictum * addidit, qua ré liixuria reprimerétur, quae iam 
tum incipiébat pullulare. Circiter ann6ds octéginta, us- 
que ad extrémam aetatem ab aduléscentia, rei publicae - 

5 causa suscipere inimicitias non déstitit. A multis tenta- 
tus? non modo nillum détrimentum existimatidnis * 
fécit,* sed, quoad vixit, virtitum laude crévit. 


His versatility. His writings. 


3. In omnibus rébus singulari fuit industria ; nam et 
agricola sollers et peritus itris cOnsultus et magnus im- 
1operator et probabilis orator et cupidissimus litterarum 
fuit. Quarum studium etsi senior arripuerat,’ tamen 
tantum progressum fécit ut non facile reperiri possit, 
neque dé Graecis neque dé Italicis rébus, quod ei fuerit 
incdgnitum. Abaduléscentia confécit 6rationés. Senex 
15 historias scribere instituit. Earum sunt libri septem. 
Primus continet rés gestas régum populi R6mani, se- 
_cundus et tertius unde quaeque civitas orta sit Italica, 
ob quam rem omnés Originés vidétur appellasse. In 
quarto autem bellum Poenicum est primum, in quinto 
2osecundum; atque haec omnia capitulatim sunt dicta. 
Reliqua quoque bella pari modo persecitus est usque ad. 
praetiiram Servi Galbae, qui diripuit Lisitanos; atque 
horum bellérum diicés nbn ndminavit, sed sine nomini- 
bus rés notavit.6 In iisdem exposuit quae in Italia 
25 Hispaniisque aut fierent aut vidérentur admiranda; in 





pulluld, 1, zzcrease. iiiris cOnsultus, -1, m.; lawyer. 
agricola, -ae, m., farmer. probabilis, -e, pleasing. 
sollers, sollertis, exert. capitulatim, drzefly. 

1. proclamation. | 4. sustained. 

2. attacked. - 58. had taken up. | 


3. reputation. 6. set down. 


NEPOS, LIVES 219 


quibus multa industria et diligentia comparet,’ nulla 
doctrina. 
Huius dé vita et moribus plira in eo libro perseciti 
sumus, quem séparatim dé ed fécimus rogatu T. Pom- 
5 poni Attici. Quaré studidsds? Catdnis ad illud volimen 
délégamus. 


1. are found. 2. those interested. 





WORD FORMATION 


Many Latin words are made up from other words : 
A. By appending certain endings ; 
B. By joining one word to another. 


A. By APPENDING CERTAIN ENDINGS 


1. Nouns derived from verb stems by adding : 

a.*-tor (-sor), denoting agency; as vic (vincb, conquer) + -tor (de- 
noting agent) = victor, oe who conquers, conqueror. 

b. -tid (-sid) and -tus (-sus), gen. -iis, denoting az action going on ; 
as, profec (proficiscor, start out) + -tid (denoting actzon) = 
profectid, a starting out, departure ; and as, adven (adveni0, 
approach) + -tus (denoting action) =adventus, coming, 
arrival. | 

2. Nouns derived from nouns and adjectives by adding: 

-ia, -itia, -tas, -tiis, -tidd, denoting abstract quality ; as, 

audac (audax, do/d) + -ia (denoting guwalty) = audacia, 
boldness. 

amic (amicus, /rzendly) + -itia (denoting gualty) =amicitia, 
Jriendship. 

liber (liber, free) + -tas (denoting guality) = libertas, free- 
dom. | 

vir (vir, az) +-tus (denoting guafity) vita manliness, 
courage. 

magn(i) (magnus, gveat) + -tidd (denoting guality) = mag- 
nitudo, greatness. . 


B. By JOINING ONE WORD WITH ANOTHER 


1. Words with prefixes which have a meaning of their own: 
a, ab, abs, away, from; as, a-mitt6, sezd away. 
ad (ac, a, ap, at), 40, toward, at, on, near ; as, ad-dicd, lead toward. 
ante, before ; as, ante-fer6, carry before, prefer. 
circum, around ; as, circum-diico, /ead or carry around. 
221 


—_ 


222 WORD FORMATION - 


cum (com, con, col, co), Zogether, with ; as, com-portd, bring together : 
completely, thoroughly ; as, com-moveo, 7z0ve thoroughly. 

dé, from; as, dé-cédd, go away from. 

é, ex (ef), out from, forth: as, &-dicd, lead forth: completely; as, 
ef-ficid, do completely. 

in (im, ir, il), 27, zwto, at, on, against; as, in-cold, “ve 7; in-fer6, 
bring against. 

inter, between ; as, inter-pond, put between. 

Ob (0, obs, oc, of, og, op), against ; as, oc-currd, run against. 

per, through ; as, per-diict, ad through: thoroughly ; as, per-terred, 

Srighten thoroughly. 

prae, 77 front of ; as, prae-ficid, place at the head of. 

pro (prod), forth, before; as, prb-cédd, go forth. 

sub (su, subs, suc, suf, sup), wder, down ; as, sub-e6, 20 under. ° 

trans (tran, tra), across ; as, tra-diic6, /ead across. 


2. Words with prefixes which have not an independent meaning : 
dis (di, dif, dir), afart, between ; as, di-mitt6, send apart. 
red (re), dack, again ; as, re-mitt6, send back. 


3. Nouns and adjectives with prefixes which have not an indepeng- 
ent meaning : | 
, in, ot, un-: as, in-crédif~ilis, wndelzevable. “ 


Frequentative or Intensive Verbs denote repeated or earnest 
action. They are forméd by adding -td (-sd) to supine stems; as, 
iac (iacio, ¢hrow) + -to (denoting refetction) = iactd, throw often. 


bide eaten 
Pa Vv 


INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 


A., abb. for 4u/us, a Roman given name. 

Acarnana, -ae, f., a woman of Acarnania. 

Acarnania, -ae, f., a province of Greece. 

Achaia, -ae, f., a Roman province in Greece. | 

Achillas, -ae, m., one of Pompey’s murderers. 

Adbucillus, -1, m., an Allobrogian. 

Admétus, -i, m., a king of the Molossians in Epirus. 

Aduatuca, -ae, f., a stronghold of the Eburones. 

Aduatuci, -Grum, m., a tribe of Belgians in northern Gaul, originally 
German. 

Aeginium, -ni, n., a stronghold in Epirus. 

Aegyptius, -a,-um, Agyptian. 

Aegyptus, -i, f., Zgyp/, a country in Horthern Africa. , 

Aemilius, -li, m., the name of a Roman gens. 1. See Paulus. 2. Luczus 
Aemilius, an officer in Caesar’s cavalry. 

Aeolis, Aeolidis, f., a country in Asia Minor. 

Aetilia, -ae, f.,a province of Greece. 

Afranius, -ni, m., a lieutenant of Pompey. 

Africa, -ae, f., the continent of 4 Te: 

Africanus, -i, m., a title. 

Agamemnon, Agamemnonis, m., a king of Mycenae. 

Alcmaeon, Alcmaeonis, m., a Greek. 

Alesia, -ae, f., a town in eastern Gaul. 

Alexandria, -ae, f., Alexandria, the capital of Egypt. 

Allobrox, Allobrogis, m., generally plu., she Adlobroges, a tribe of south- 
eastern Gaul. 

Alpés, Alpium, f., ze A/fs, mountains in Europe. 

Alpici, -drum, m., inhabitants of the Alps. 

Ambarri, -Grum, m., a tribe of eastern Gaul, clients of the Haedui. 

Ambiani, -drum, m., a Belgic tribe of northern Gaul. 

Ambibarii, -drum, m., a tribe of northwestern Gaul. 

Ambiorix, Ambiorigis, m., a king of the Eburones. 

Ambivareti, -drum, m., a tribe of central Gaul. 

Amphipolis, Amphipolis, f., a city in Thrace. 

Ampius, -pi, m., 72¢us Ampius, a follower of Pompey. 

‘Anartés, Anartium, m., a German tribe. 

Andebrogius, -gi, m., an ambassador of the Remi. 


223 


224 INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 


Andés, Andium, m., a tribe of western Gaul. 

Androsthenés, Androsthenis, m., a governor of Thessaly. 

Antiochénsés, -ium, m., inhabitants of Antioch. 

Antiochia, -ae, f., the capital of Syria. 

Antiochus, -i, m., a king of Syria. 

Antistius, -ti, m., Gaius Antistius Reginus, a lieutenant of Caesar. 

Antonius, -ni, m., the name of a Roman gens. 1. Marcus Antonius, one 
of Caesar’s lieutenants. 2. Gaius Antonius, brother of the above. 

Apoll6, -inis, m., god of prophecy. 

Apollonia, -ae, f., a city in Macedonia. 

Apolloniatés, -ium, m., the inhabitants of Appollonia. 

Appenninus, -i, m., “he Apennines, mountains in Italy. 

Apsus, -1, m., a river of Macedonia. 

Apulia, -ae, f., a country in southeastern Italy. 

Aquiléia, -ae, f., a city of Cisalpine Gaul. 

Aquitania, -ae, f., a country in southwestern Gaul. 

Aquitanus, -a, -um, Aguitanian, generally plu., the Aguitanians. 

Arar, Araris, m., a river of eastern Gaul; the modern Saéme. 

Arcas, Arcadis, Arcadian. 

Aremoricus, -a, -um, Avemorican, applied to the seacoast states of north- 
western Gaul. 

Argi, -Orum (Argos, -e0s), m., the capital of Argolis, in the Peloponnesus. 

Argivus, -a, -um, delonging to Argos. 

Ariovistus, -1, m., a king of the Germans. 

Arpinéius, -€1, m., Gatus Arpineius, a follower of Caesar. 

Artaphernés, -is, m., a commander of the Persians at Marathon. 

Artaxerxés, -is, m., king of Persia. 

Artemisium, -si, n., a promontory on the northeastern coast of Euboea. 

Arvernus, -a, -um, Arvin. generally plu., a eee of central Gaul ; 
rivals of the Haedui. 

Asia, -ae, f. 1. Asia, the continent. 2. Asta Minor. 

Asiaticus, -a, -um, Aszazic. 

Asparagium, -gi, n., a town in Illyricum. 

Athénae, -d4rum, f., the capital of Attica. 

Athéniénsis, -is, Athenian, generally masc. plu., the Athenians. 

Atrebas, Atrebatis, m., Afrebatian,; generally plu., the Atrebatians, a 
tribe of northern Gaul. 

Attica, -ae, f., a country of Greece. 

Atticus, -a, -um, delonging to Attica. 

Atticus, i, m., 7ztus Pomponius Atticus, friend of Nepos and Cicero, 

Aulerci, -drum, m., a strong tribe of central Gaul, divided into four 
branches. 

Aurélius, -li, m., C. Aurelius Cotta, a Roman consul. 

Aurunculéius, -éi, m., Lucius Aurunculeius Cotta, a lieutenant of Caesar. 

Ausci, -drum, m., a tribe of southern Gaul. 


INDEX OF PROPER NAMES aS 


Avaricum, -1, n., a stronghold of the Bituriges. 
Axona, -ae, m., a river of northern Gaul; the modern AiZsne. 


Baculus, -1, m., Publius Sextius Baculus, a centurion. 

Baebius, -bi, m., see Tamphilus. 

Balbus, -i, m., the name of a Roman family. Lucius Cornelius Balbus, a 
friend of ‘Ations: 

Balearis, -e, delonging to the Balearic Islands, off the eastern coast of 
Spain. 

.Balventius, -ti, m., 7ztus Balventius, one of Caesar’s centurions. 

Basilus, -1, m., Lucius Minucius Basilus, one of Caesar’s lieutenants. 

Belgae, -arum, m., zie Belgians, a people in northeastern Gaul, occupying 
one of the three parts into which Gaul was divided. 

Belgium, -gi, n., the country of the Belgians in northeastern Gaul. 

Bellovaci, -drum, m., a powerful tribe of Belgians in northern Gaul. 

Bibracte, -is, n., a town in eastern Gaul, chief city of the Haedui. 

Bibrax, Bibractis, f., a town of the Remi in northern Gaul. 

BigerriOnés, -um, m., a tribe in southwestern Gaul. 

Bithynia, -ae, f., a country in Asia Minor. 

Bithynii, -Orum, m., the inhabitants of Bithynia. 

Biturigés, -um, m., a tribe of central Gaul. 

Blith6, -Onis, m., Su/picius Blitho, a Roman historian. 

Bodudgnatus, -i, m., a leader of the Nervii. . 

Boeotus, -a, -um, Aoeotian, of Boeotia, a province of central Greece ; 
generally as a subs., masc. plu., she Boeotians. ) 

Boil, -drum, m., a tribe in central Gaul; a nomadic people, who fought 
with the Helvetians against Caesar, and were placed by him among 
the Haedui. 

Brannovicés, -um, m., a branch of the Aulerci. 

Bratuspantium, -ti, n., a town of the Bellovaci in northern Gaul. 

Britanni, -drum, m., the inhabitants of Britain. 

Britannia, -ae, f., Britain. 

Brundisium, -si, n., a town in southeastern Italy. 

Britus,; -1, m., the name of a Roman AL Junius Brutus, one of 
Caesar’s officers. : 


C., abb. for Gazus (Caius), a Roman given name. 

Cabirus, -i, m., Gaius Valerius Caburus, a Gaul who had been presented 
with Roman citizenship. 

Cadméa, -ae, f., the citadel of Thebes. 

Cadirci, -drum, m., a tribe in southern Gaul. 

Caemani, -drum, m., a Belgic tribe in northern Gaul. 

CaerOsi, -drum, m., a Belgic tribe in northeastern Gaul. 

Caesar, Caesaris, m., a Roman family name of the Julian gens. Gazus 
Julius Caesar, general, writer, and statesman. 

SECOND YEAR LATIN — I 5 


226 INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 


Calénus, -i, m., a Roman family name, see Fifius. 

Caleti, -drum (Caletés, -um), m., a Belgic tribe of northern Gaul. 

Callias, -ae, m., an Athenian. 

Calliphron, -Onis, m., a teacher of dancing. 

Callistratus, -1, m., an Athenian orator. 

Candavia, -ae, f., a district in Macedonia. 

Caninius, -ni, m. See Rebilus. 

Cannénsis, -e, de/onging to Cannae, a town in Apulia. 

Cantabri, -drum, m., a warlike tribe in the north of Spain. 

Cantium, -ti, n., a district in southeastern Britain. foe 

Canuléius, -€i, m., the name of a Roman family. Lucius Canuleius, a 
lieutenant of Caesar. 

Capua, -ae, f., a city of Campania. 

Car, Caris, m., an inhabitant of Caria. 

Caria, -ae, f., a country in Asia Minor. 

Carnutés, -um, m., a tribe of central Gaul. 

Cassianus, -a, -um, of Cassius. 

Cassius, -si, m., the name of a Roman gens. Lucius Cassius Longinus, 
consul, B.c. 107; killed in battle with the Tigurini. 

Casticus, -i, m., a prominent Sequanian. 

-Catamantaloedis, -is, m., a chieftain of the Sequanians. 

Catd, Catodnis, m., the name of a Roman family. J/arcus Cato, the 
censor. 

Caturigés, -um, m., a tribe of the western Alps. 

Catuvolcus, -i, m., a chieftain of the Eburones. 

Cavillénum, -i, n., a town of the Haedui. 

Celtae, -Aarum, m., the people in central Gaul, occupying the largest of 
the three divisions of Gaul. 

Cénomani, -drum, m., a branch of the Aulerci. 

Centénius, -ni, m.,a Roman general. 

Cethégus, -i, m., Publius Cornelius Cethegus, consul, B.C. 181. 

Ceutronés, -um, m. 1. A tribe of the western Alps. 2. A Belgic tribe of 
northern Gaul. 

Chabrias, -ae, m., an Athenian general. 

Chersonésus, -1, m., a peninsula of Thrace. 

Cicerd, -Onis, m., the name of a Roman family. Quintus Tullius Cicero, 
brother of the famous orator; a lieutenant of Caesar. 

Cilicia, -ae, f., a district in southeastern Asia Minor. © 

Ciliciénsis, -e, Cz/ician. 

Cimberius, -ri, m., a chieftain of the Suebi. 

.Cimbri, -drum, m., a tribe of Germany ; invaded southern Europe, and 

were defeated by Marius. 

Cim6n, -dnis, m. 1. The father of Miltiades. 2. An Athenian general. 

Citium, -ti, n., a town on the coast of Cyprus. 

Clastidium, -di, n., a stronghold of Cisalpine Gaul. 


INDEX. OF PROPER NAMES PAPE 


Claudius, -di, m., the name of a Roman patrician gens. 1. See Nerd. 
2&3. See Marcellus. 4. Appius Claudius Pulcher, consul, B.C. 54. 

Cleopatra, -ae, f., a queen of Egypt. . 

Clodius, -di, m., the name of a Roman plebeian gens. 1. Aulus Clodius,a 
follower of Caesar. 2. Publius Clodius Pulcher, murdered by Milo, 
B.C. 52. 

Cn., abb. for Guaeus (Cnaeus), a Roman given name. 

Cocosatés, -um, m., a people of Aquitania. 

Colonae, -arum, f., a town in Asia Minor. 

Commius, -mi, m., a chieftain of the Atrebates. 

Condrisi, -drum, m., a Belgic tribe in northern Gaul. 

Considius, -di, m., the name of a Roman gens. Pudlius Considius, an 
officer of Caesar. 

Copdnius, -ni, m., the name of a Roman gens. Gaius Coponius, a com- 
mander of Pompey’s fleet. 

Corcyra, -ae, f., an island off Epirus. 

Corcyraeus, -a, -um, Corcyrean. 

Coriosolités, -um; m., a tribe of northwestern Gaul. 

Cornélius, -li, m., the name of a Roman gens. 1. Lucius Cornelius, con- 
sul, B.C. 193. 2, 3, 4,5. See Balbus, Cethégus, Lentulus, Scipio. 

Cotta, -ae, m., the name of a Roman family; see Aurunculéius and 
Aurélius. 

Crassus, -i, m., the name of a Roman family. 1. Marcus Licinius 
Crassus, consul; father both of 2. Marcus Licinius Crassus, a 
quaestor of Ehsaan ; and of 3. Publius Licinius ia ian! a lieu- 
tenant of Caesar. 

Crastinus, -i, m., a veteran in Caesar’s army. 

Créta, -ae, f., Creze, an island in the Mediterranean. 

Créténsés, -ium, m., inhabitants of Crete. 

Crétés, -um, m., inhabitants of Crete. 

Critognatus, -i, m., a chieftain of the Arverni. 

Cyclades, -um, f., group of islands in the Aegean Sea. 

Cyprius, -a, -um, of Cyprus, Cyprian. 

Cyprus, -i, f., an island in the eastern Mediterranean. , 

Cyrénael, -Orum, m., the inhabitants of Cyrene, a city in northern 
Africa. 

Cyzicénus, -a, -um, of Cyzicus, a city in Asia Minor. 


D., abb. for Dectmus, a Roman given name. 

Daci, -drum, m., the inhabitants of Dacia, on the Danube. 
Damon, -Onis, m., an Athenian poet and musician, 
Danuvius, -vi, m., he Danube. 

Darius, -ri, m., a eo of the Persians. 

Datis, Datidis, m., a Persian general. 

Delphi, -drum, m., a town in Phocis. 


228 INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 


Démétrius, -ri, m., Demetrius of Phalereum, a famous Greek orator and 
statesman. 

Diana, -ae, f., the goddess of hunting. 

Diomedo6n, -ontis, m., an inhabitant of Cyzicus. 

Dionysius, -si, m.,a Theban musician. 

Dis, Ditis, m., P/uto, the god of the lower world. 

Diviciacus, -1, m. 1. A chieftain of the Haedui, and friend of. Caesar. 
2. A chieftain of the Suessiones. 7 

Divic6, -dnis, m., a chieftain of the Helvetii. 

Dolopes, -um, m., the Dolopians, a people of Thessaly. 

Domitius, -ti, m., the name of a Roman gens. 1. Lucius Domitius 
Ahenobarbus, consul, B.C. 54, an officer of Pompey. 2. Gnaeus Do- 
mitius Calvinus, an officer of Caesar. 

Dubis, -is, m., a river in eastern Gaul, branch of the Arar. 

Dumnorix, -igis, m., a chieftain of the Haedui, brother of Diviciacus. 

Dyrrhachinus, -a, -um, 0f Dyrrhachium. 

Dyrrhachium, -chi, n., a town of Illyricum. 


Eburonés, -um, m., a tribe of Belgic Gaul. 
Eburovicés, -um, m., a branch of the Aulerci. 
Egus, -i, m., an Allobrogan. 

Eleuteti, -drum, m., a tribe in southern Gaul. 
Elis, Elidis, f., a city in the Peloponnesus. 
Elpinicé, -és, f., half sister of Cimon. 

Elusatés, -um, m., a tribe in southwestern Gaul. 
Ennius, -ni, m., one of the first Roman poets. 
EpaminOndas, -ae, m., a famous Theban general. 
Ephesius, -a, -um, of Ephesus. 

Ephesus, -i, f., a town of Ionia in Asia Minor. 
Epirus, -i, f., a country in western Greece. 
Eporédorix, -igis, m., a chieftain of the Haedui. 
Eratosthenés, -is, m., a Greek geographer. 
Eretria, -ae, f., a city in Euboea. 

Esuvii, -Orum, m., a tribe in northwestern Gaul. 
‘Etriria, -ae, f., a country on the west coast of Italy. 
Euboea, -ae, f., an island off the east coast of Greece. 
Eumenés, -is, m, a king of Pergamum. 

Europa, -ae, f., the continent of Zwrofe. 
Eurybiadés, -is, m., a Spartan general. 


Fabius, -bi, m., the name of a Roman gens. 1. Quintus Fabius Maxt- 
mus (Cunctator); consul, B.C. 214, opponent of Hannibal. Han. 5. 
2. Quintus Fabius Labeo, consul, B.c. 183. Han. 13. 3. Gatus 
Fabius, one of Caesar’s lieutenants. B.G., V. 24. | 


INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 229 


Falernus, -a, -um, of /alernus, a district in Campania. 

Flaccus, -i, m., the name of a Roman family. 1. Lucius Valerius Flaccus, 
a patrician and consul with Cato. 2. Gazus Valerius Flaccus, pro- 
praetor in Gaul. 3. Valerius Flaccus, his son. 

Flamininus, -i, m., 77¢us Quintius Flamininus, sent to King Prusias. 

Flaminius, -ni, m., Gazus Flaminius, consul. 

Fleginas, -atis, m., the name of a Roman family. Gaius Fleginas, a 
knight. 

Fregellae, -arum, f., a city of Latium. | 

Fifius, -fi, m., the name of a Roman gens. Quintus Fufius Calenus, a 
supporter of Caesar. 

Fulvius, -vi, m., the name of a Roman gens. See Postumus. 

Firius, -ri, m., Lucius Furius, a consul. 


Gabali, -drum, m., a tribe of southern Gaul. 

Gabinius, -ni, m., Au/us Gabinius, a consul. 

Gaius; see C., abb. 

Galba, -ae, m., the name of a Roman family. 1. A king of the Sues- 
siones, 2. Servius Sulpicitus Galba, a praetor. 3. Publius Sulpi- 
ctus Galba, consul, B.C. 200. 

Gallia, -ae, f., Gau/, corresponding in general to France. 

Gallicus, -a, -um, Gad/ic. 

Gallus, -1, m:, a Gaui. 

Gallus, -1, m., 7uticanus Gallus, one of Caesar’s men. 

Garumna, -ae, m., a river of southwestern Gaul. 

Garumni, -Orum, m,, a tribe in southwestern Gaul. 


- Gatés, Gatum, m., a tribe in southwestern Gaul. 


Geidumni, -drum, m., a Belgic tribe in northeastern Gaul. 

Geminus, -i, m., see Servilius. 

Genava, -ae, f., the city of Geneva. 

Genusus, -i, m., a river in western Macedonia. 

Gergovia, -ae, f., chief city of the Arverni. 

Germania, -ae, f., Germany. 

Germanus, -a, -um, German; generally a subs. in plu., che Germans. 
Germinii, -Orum, m., a people on the coast of Epirus. 

Gompheénsis, -e, of Gomphi. 

Gomphi, -drum, m., a town in western Thessaly. 

Gortynii, -drum, m., the inhabitants of Gortyna, a city in Crete. 
Gracchus, -1, m., 7iberius Sempronius Gracchus, consul. 

Graecia, -ae, f., Greece. 

Graecus, -a, -um, Gree. 

Graioceli, -drum, m., a tribe in the western Alps. 

Graius, -a, -um, Grectan. 

Granius, -ni, m., the name of a Roman gens. Axlus Granius, a — 
Grudii, -drum, m., a Belgic tribe in northern Gaul. 


230 INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 


Hadrimétum, -i, n., a seacoast town south of Carthage. 
_ Haeduus, -a, -um, Haeduan,; asa subs. Haeduus, -i, m., generally plu., 

the Haeduans, a tribe in central Gaul, allies of Rome. 

Hamilcar, -aris, m., the father of Hannibal. 

Hannibal, -alis, m., a famous Carthaginian general. 

Harudés, -um, m., a tribe in southwestern Germany. 

Hasdrubal, -alis,m. 1. Hamilcar’sson-in-law. 2. Brother of Hannibal. 

Helléspontus, -1, m., pasts strait between Europe and Asia. 

Helvétius, -a, -um, /e/vetian ; as a subs. Helvétius, -i, m., generally plu., 
the Helvetians, the tribe which occupied what is now Switzerland. 

Helvii, -drum, m., a Gallic tribe in the Roman Province. 

Helvius, -vi, m., a colleague of Cato. 

Héraclia, -ae, f., a city of Macedonia. ., 

Herculés, -is, m., the national hero of Greece. 

Hercynia (silva), he Hercynian forest, in southern Germany. 

Hibernia, -ae, f., /reland. 

Hirrus, -i, the name of a Roman family. Gaius Lucilius Hirrus, a 
follower of Pompey. 

Hispania, -ae, f., Spain. 

Hispanus, -a, -um, Spanish. 

Hister, -tri, m., the river Danube. 

Histiaeus, -i, m., tyrant of Miletus. 


Iccius, -ci, m., a chieftain of the Remi. 

Illyricum, -1, n., a Roman province on the east shors of the Adriatic. 

Indutiomarus, -i, m., a chieftain of the Treveri. 

Idnés, -um, m., /onzans ; the Greeks in Asia Minor. 

Ionia, -ae, f., part of the western coast of Asia Minor. 

Italia, -ae, f., Zéaly. 

Italicus, -a, -um, /éa/ian. 

Tiilius, -li, m., /#/ius,; the name of a Roman gens. See Caesar. 

linius, -ni, m., /uzzius ; the name of a Romangens. 1. Quintus Junius, 
a Spaniard in the service of Caesar. 2. See Britus. 

Iuppiter, Iovis, m., /~fiter, the supreme god of the Romans, king of the 
gods. 2 

lura, -ae, m., the Jura mountains, northwest of Helvetia. 


Karthaginiénsis, -e, Corthaninions 
Karthag6, -inis, f., Carthage, a city on the northern coast of Africa. 


L., abb. for Lucius, a Roman given name. 

Labed, -dnis, m., see Fabius. 

Labiénus, -i, m., 72/us Atius Labienus, a faithful lieutenant of Caesar in 
Gaul, but a follower of Pompey in the civil war. 


INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 231 


LacedaemOn, -onis, f., Sparta, the chief city of Laconia, in southern 
Greece. 

Lacedaemonius, -a, -um, Sfardan. 

Lamprus, -i, m., a Greek musician. 

Lampsacus, -i, f., a town on the Hellespont. 

Larisa, -ae, f., a town of Thessaly. 

Larisaei, -drum, m., the people of Larisa, 

Latinus, -a, -um, Lavin. 

Latobrigi, -drum, m., a Gallic tribe in western Germany. 

Lemannus, -1, m., Lake Geneva. 

Lémnil, -drum, m., the inhabitants of the island of Lemnos. 

Lémnus (0s), -1, f., an island in the northern part of the Aegean Sea. 

Lemovicés, -um, m., a tribe of central Gaul. 

Lentulus, -i, m., the name of a Roman family. 1. Lucius Cornelius Len- 
tulus, consul, opponent of Caesar. 2. Publius Cornelius Lentulus 
Marcellinus, one of Caesar’s quaestors. 3. Publius Cornelius Len- 
tulus Spinther, consul, follower of Pompey. 

Leonidas, -ae, m., a king of Sparta. 

Leuci, -drum, m., a tribe of eastern Gaul. 

Leuctra, -drum, n., a town in Boeotia. 

Leuctricus, -a, -um, of Leuctra. 

Levdci, -Orum, m., a Belgic tribe in northern Gaul. 

Lexovil, -Orum, m., a tribe in northern Gaul. 

Libd, Libonis, m., a Roman family name. Lucius Scribonius Lido, 
a commander in Pompey’s fleet. 

Ligurés, -um, m., a tribe on the northwest coast of Italy. 

Lingonés, -um, m., a tribe in east central Gaul. 

Liscus, -i, m., a magistrate of the Haedui. 

Lissus, -1, m., a town in Illyricum. 

Longus, -i, m., 7zderius Sempronius Longus, consul. 

Licanius, -ni, m., Quintus Lucanius, a centurion. 

Licanus, -i, m., Zucanian, an inhabitant of Lucania, a province in south- 
western Italy. ; 

Licilius, -li, m., the name of a Roman gens. See Hirrus. 

Lina, -ae, f., the moon. 

Lisitani, -drum, m., the inhabitants of modern Portugal. 

Lysis, Lysis, m., a native of Tarentum. 


M., abb. for AZarcus, a Roman given name. 

Macedonia, -ae, f., a country of northern Greece. 

Magetobriga, -ae, f, a town in central Gaul where Ariovistus defeated 
the Gauls. ; 

Magnésia, -ae, f., a city in Lydia. 

Mago, Magonis, m , Hannibal’s brother. 

Mandubii, -drum, m., a tribe in east central Gaul. - 


252 INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 


Manlius, -li, m., the name of a Roman gens. See Torquatus, Vulsé. 

Mantinéa, -ae, f., a city of Arcadia, in Greece. 

Marathon, -Onis (acc. -a), f., a plain and a town on the eastern coast of 
Attica, 

Marathonius, -a, -um, of A/arathon. 

Marcellinus, -i, m., see Lentulus. 

Marcellus, -i, m., A/arcus Claudius Marcellus. 1. A famous Roman 
general; defeated Hannibal; conquered Syracuse; consul five times. 
2. Consul, B.c. 183. 

Marcomanni, -drum, m., a tribe of Germany. 

Marius, -ri, m., Gaius Marius, a famous Roman general; defeated the 
Cimbri and Teutoni. 

Mars, Martis, m., god of war. 

Matisc6, -dnis, m., a town of the Haedui: 

Matrona, -ae, f., a river in northern Gaul, now the A/arne. 

Maximus, -i, m., see Fabius. | 

Mediomatrici, -drum, m., a tribe of eastern Gaul. 

Menapii, -drum, m., a tribe in Belgic Gaul. 

Meneclidés, -is, m., a Theban orator. 

Mercurius, -ri, m., the god A/ercury. 

Messafa, -ae, m., the name of a Roman family. Marcus Valerius Ales- 
sala, consul, B.C. 61. 

Messéné, -és, f., a city of Sicily. 

Métius, -ti, m., Warcus Metius, a friend of Ariovistus. 

Métropolis, -is, f., a city of Thessaly. 

Métropolitae, -Adrum (-um), m., the inhabitants of Metropolis. 

Micythus, -i, m., a Theban youth. 

Milésius, -a, -um, of A/i/etus, a city of Ionia. 

Miltiadés, -is, m. 1. A famous Athenian general. 2. Founder of colony 
in the Chersonesus. Nepos confused the two. 

Minerva, -ae, f., goddess of war and wisdom. 

Minucius, -ci, m. 1. Quintus Minucius, consul. 2. See Riifus. 3. See 
Basilus. 

Molossi, -Orum (-im), m., a tribe in Epirus. 

Mona, -ae, f., an island off the coast of Britain. 

Morini, -Orum, m., a tribe of Belgians. 

Mosa, -ae, m., a river in Belgic Gaul, now the Meuse. 

Munatius, ti, m., see Plancus. 

Mycalé, -€s (acc. -én), f., a promontory on this coast of Asia Minor. 

Mytilénae, -arum, f., a city on the island of Lesbos. 

Myiis, Myuntis, f., a city of Ionia. 


Namméius, -€i, m., a prominent Helvetian. 
Namnetés, -um, a tribe of western Gaul. 
Nantuatés, -ium, m., a tribe south of Lake Geneva. 


INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 233 


Nasua, -ae, m, a chieftain of the Suebi; brother of Cimberius. 

Naxus (0s), -1, f., an island in the Aegean Sea. 

Nemetés, -um, m., a tribe living on the border of Germany and Gaul. 

WNeoclés, -is (-i) m., the father of Themistocles. 

Nerd, -6nis, m., Gazus Claudius Nero, consul, B.c. 207, conquered Has- 
. drubal. 

Nervicus, -a, -um, Vervian. 

Nervius, -vi, m., a Vervian, one of a tribe living in Belgic Gaul. 

Nitiobrogés, -um, m., a tribe of southwestern Gaul. 

Noréia, -ae, f., a town of the Norici. 

Noricus, -a, -um, Morican ; generally masc. plu., the Norici, a tribe in 
modern western Austria. 

Noviodinum, -i, n., a town of the Suessiones in Belgic Gaul. 

Numidae, -A4rum, m., a tribe of barbarians in northern Africa. 

Nymphaeun, -i, n., a town in Ilyricum. 


Oceanus, -1, m., te ocean. 

Ocelum, -i, n., a town in western Cisalpine Gaul. 

Oct6dirus, -i, m., a town of the Veragri in the Alps. 
Oedipus, -i (-odis), m., son of the king and queen of Thebes. 
Olympiodorus, -i, m., a musician. 

Orcynia, -ae, f., the Greek name for Hercynia. 

Orestés, -is (-ae), m., son of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra. 
Orgetorix, -igis, m., a chieftain of the Helvetii. 

Oricum, -i, n., a town in Epirus. 

Originés, -um, f., the title of a work written by Cato the Censor. 
Osismi, -orum, m., a tribe in extreme western Gaul. 


P., abb. for Publius, a Roman given name. 

Padus, -i, m., the river Fo in Italy. 

Palaesté, -es, f.,a town of Epirus. 

Pamphylius, -a, -um, Pamphylian, of Pamphylia, a province of Asia 
Minor. 

Parisii, -drum, m., a tribe of north central Gaul. 

Parius, -a, -um, of Paros; generally masc. plu., the Parzans. 

Parthi, -drum, m., a tribe southeast of the Caspian Sea, in Asia. 

Parthini, -drum, m., a tribe of Greeks in Illyricum. 

Parus (0s), -i, f., one of the Cyclades Islands in the Aegean. 

Paulus, -i, m., Lucius Aemilius Paulus, a Roman consul, killed in the 
battle of Cannae. 

Pedius, -di, m., Ouzntus Pedius, a lieutenant of Caesar. 

Pelopidas, -ae, m., a Theban general. 

Peloponnésus, -1, f., a large peninsula, forming the seuthers pet of Greece, 

Pélisium, -si, n., a city in Egypt. 


234 INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 


Fecmiaiind -a, -um, of Pergamum ; RENSEN masc. plu., the inhabi- 

tants of Pergamum. 
Pergamum, -I, n., a city of Mysia, in Asia Mingo, 

Perpenna, -ae, m., a Roman consul, B.c. 92. 

Persae, -Aarum, m., the inhabitants of Persis, east of the Persian Gulf. 

Persés, -ae, m., ie of Persae. 

Persicus, -a, -um, Persian. 

Persis, -idis, f., the chief province of the Persian empire. 

Petra, -ae, f., a hill in Illyricum. 

Petrocorii, -drum, m., a tribe of southwestern Gaul. 

Petrosidius, -di, m., Lucius Petrosidius, a standard bearer. 

Phaléreus, -eos (-e1), m., of Phalerum, the oldest harbor of Athens, and 
a city near by. 

Phaléricus, -a, -um, of Phalerum. 

Phidippus, -1, m., an Athenian courier. 

Philippus, -i, m., a king of Macedonia. 

Phoenicé, -és, f., Phoenicia, a district on the coast of Syria. 

Phoenices, -um, m., Phoenicians. 

Pictonés, -um, m., a tribe of western Gaul. 

Piraeus, -i, m., the principal port of Athens. 

Pisistratus, -1, m., a tyrant of Athens. 

Placentia, -ae, f., a city of Cisalpine Gaul. 

Plancus, -i, m., Lzcius Munatius Plancus, an officer of Caesar. 

Plataeénsés, -ium, m., the inhabitants of Plataea, a town in Boeotia. 

Pleumoxil, -drum, m., a tribe of Belgic Gaul. 

Plotius, -ti, m., Marcus Plotius, one of Caesar’s followers. 

Poecilé, -és, f., a celebrated portico in Athens. 

Poenicus, -a, -um, Carthaginian. 

Poenus, -i, m., an inhabitant of Carthage. 

Polybius, -bi, m., a Greek historian. 

Polymnis, -idis ( -1), m., the father of Epaminondas. 

Pompéianus, -a, -um, Pompeian. 

Pompéius, -€i, m. 1. Guaeus Pompeius Magnus, a triumvir and a rival of 
Caesar. 2. Guaeus Pompetus, an interpreter. 

PompOnius, -ni, m., see Atticus. 

Pontus, -i, m., a country of Asia Minor. 

Postumus, -i, m., the name of a Roman family. /z/vius Postumus, one 
of Caesar’s soldiers. 

Procillus, -i, m., Gaius Valerius Procillus, son of Gaius Valerius Caburus. 

Prisia or Priisias, -ae, m., a king of Bithynia. 

Ptianii, -drum, m., an Aquitanian tribe. 

Ptolemaeus, -i, m. 1. Ptolemy, king of Egypt, father of Cleopatra. 
2. Son of preceding. 

Ptolemais, -idis, f., a city of Phoenicia. 

Puli6, -dnis, m., one of Pompey’s officers. 


INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 235 


Pulld, -Onis, m., 72¢us Pudlo, a centurion in Caesar’s army 

Puteoli, -drum, m., a city of Campania. 

Pydna, -ae, f., a city of Macedonia. 

Pyrénaeus, -a, -um, of the Pyrenees (mountains); between Gaul and Spain. 
Pythagoréus, -i, m., a follower of the philosopher Pythagoras. 

Pythia, -ae, f., the priestess of Apollo. 


Q., abb. for Quintus, a Roman given name. 
Quintius, -ti, m., see Flamininus. 


Raucillus, -i, m., a chieftain of the Allobroges. 

Rauraci, -drum, m., a tribe of eastern Gaul. 

Rebilus, -i, m., Gaius Caninius Rebilus,a lieutenant of Caesar. 

Redonés, -um, m., a tribe of western Gaul. 

Rémus, -a, -um, Reman; generally masc. plu., a tribe of Belgic Gaul. 

Rhénus, -i, m., the river Rhzne. 

Rhodanus, -i, m., the river Rhone. 

Rhodius, -a, -um, Rodian, generally masc. plu., the inhabitants of the 
island of Rhodes in the sine in Sea. 

Roma, -ae, f., Rome. 

Romanus, -a, -um, Roman. 

Roscius, -ci, m., Lucius Roscius, a lieutenant of Caesar. 

Rifus, -i, m. 1. Pudlius Sulpicius Rufus, a lieutenant of Cuent, 
2. Marcus Minucius Rufus, a master of horse under Fabius Maximus. 

Ruténi, -drum, m., a tribe in southern Gaul. 

Rutilus, -i, m., W/arcus Sempronius Rutilus, a lieutenant of Caesar. 


S., abb. for Sextus, a Roman given name. 

Sabini, -drum, m., an ancient tribe of central Italy. 

Sabinus, -1, m., Quintus Titurius Sabinus, a lieutenant of Caesar. 

Sabis, Sabis, m., a river in northern Gaul. 

Sacrativir, -virl, m., Marcus Sacrativir, a knight in Caesar’s army. 

Saguntum, -i, n., a city of Spain. 

Salaminius, -a, -um, of Salamis. 

Salamis, -inis (acc. -a), f., an island off the coast of Attica. 

Samarobriva, -ae, f., a city in Belgic Gaul. 

Santoni, -drum (Santonés, -um), m., a tribe of western Gaul. 

Sardés (-is), -um (acc. -is), #, a city of Lydia, in Asia Minor, 

Sardinia, -ae, f., an island west of Italy. 

Sardiniénsis, -e, Sardinian. 

Scaeva, -ae, m., a centurion of Caesar. 

Scipio, -dnis, m., the name ofa Roman family. 1. Quintus Caectlius 
Metelius Pius Scipio, Pompey’s father-in-law. 2. Pudlius Cornelius 
Scipio, consul, B.C. 218, father of 3. Publius Cornelius Scipio Afri- 
canus, defeated Hannibai at Zama, 


236 INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 


Scyrus, -1, f., an island in the Aegean Sea. 

Scythés, -ae, m., generally plu., she Scythians, a tribe living north of the 
Caspian and Euxine Seas. 

Sedulius, -li, m., a chieftain of the Lemovices. 

Sedini, -drum, m., a tribe of the Alps. 

Sedusii, -drum, m., a tribe of Eastern Germany. 

Segusiavi, -drum, m., a tribe of east central Gaul. 

Sempronius, -ni, m., the name of a Roman gens. See Rutilus, Gracchus, 
Longus. 

Sena, -ae, f., a town on the coast of Umbria, in Italy. 

Senonés, -um, m., a tribe of north central Gaul. 

Septimius, -mi, m., Lucius Septimius, a military tribune. 

Séquana, -ae, m., a river in Gaul, the modern Sezme. 

Séquanus, -a, -um, Segvanian ; in plu., a tribe of eastern Gaul. 

Ser., abb. for Servius, a Roman given name. 

Sertorius, -ri, m., the name of a Roman gens. Quintus Sertorius, a par- 
tisan of Marius and commander in Spain. 

Servilius, -li, m. 1. Gnaeus Servilius Geminus, consul, B.C. 217. 2. Pub- 
lius Servilius Vatia, consul, B.c. 48. 

Sextius, -ti,m. 1. See Baculus. 2. 77¢us Sextius,a lieutenant of Caesar. 

Sibusatés, -um, m., a tribe of extreme southwestern Gaul. 

Sicilia, -ae, f., an island at the southern end of Italy. 

Silénus, -i, m., a Greek historian. 

Sol, Solis, m., zre sun. 

SGsilus, -i, m., a Spartan historian. 

Sparta, -ae, f., the capital of Laconia, in southern Greece. 

Staberius, -ri, m., a commander in Pompey’s army. 

Stésagoras, -ae, m., a brother of Miltiades. 

Strym6n, -onis, m., a river of Thrace. 

Suébus, -a, -um, of the Suebi; generally masc. plu., a tribe of central 
Germany. 

Suessionés, -um, a tribe of Belgic Gaul. 

Sugambri, -drum, a tribe of eastern Germany. 

Silla, -ae, m. 1. Lucius Sulla, Roman dictator. 2. Publius Sulla, 
nephew of the preceding; a lieutenant of Caesar. 

Sulpicius, -ci, m., see Rifus, Galba, Blitho. 

Syria, -ae, f., a country in Asia, southeast of Asia Minor. 

Syriacus, -a, -um, Syrian. 


T., abb. for 7z¢us, a Roman given name. 
Tamphilus, -i, m. 1. Gnaeus Baebius Tamphilus, consul B.C. 182. 2. 
Marcus Baebius Tamphilus, consul, B.C. 181. 
Tarbelli, -drum, m., a tribe in extreme southwestern Gaul. 
Tarentinus, -a, -um, of Tarentum, a town of southern Italy. 
- Tarusatés, -ium, m., a tribe of southwestern Gaul, 


INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 237 


Tasgetius, -ti, m., chieftain of the Carnutes. 

Tectosagés, -um, m., a tribe of southern Gaul; a branch of the Volcae. 

Tencteri, -drum, m., a tribe of eastern Germany. . 

Terentius, -ti, m., see Varro. 

Teutoni, -drum (Teutonés, -um), m., a tribe of northern Germany. 

Thasii, -orum, m., the inhabitants of Thasos, an island in the Aegean 
Sea. 

Thébae, -drum, f., the chief city of Boeotia. 

Thébanus, -i, m., @ 7heban, an inhabitant of Thebes in Boeotia. 

Themistoclés, -is (-i), acc. -em, -€n, m., a famous Athenian statesman 
and general. 

Thermopylae, -arum, f., a narrow pass on the coast of casi 

Thessalia, -ae, f.,a country in northern Greece. 

Thrax, Thracis, m., 2 7hracian, an inhabitant of Thrace, in north-' 
eastern Greece. 

Thicydidés, -is, m., a Greek historian. 

Ti., abb. for 7zderius,a Roman given name. 

Tiberis, -is, m., a river of Italy, 

Tiburtius, -ti, m., Lucius Tiburtius, a follower of Caesar. 

Tigurinus, -a, -um, of the 3 igurint;- ‘generally masc. plu., a tribe of eastern 
Gaul. 

Tillius, -li, m., Quintus Tillius, a follower of Caesar. 

Titirius, -ri, m., see Sabinus. 

Tolosatés, -ium, m., a tribe in southern Gaul. 

- Torquatus, -1, m., Lucius Manlius Torquatus, a commander of Caesar’s 
forces. 

Trallés, -ium, a town of Lydia, in Asia Minor. 

Transpadanus, -a, -um, across the River Po. 

Trasumennus, -1, m., a lake in Etruria, in Italy. 

Trebia, -ae, f., a river in northern Italy. 

Trebonius, -ni,m. 1. Gaius Trebonius, a lieutenant of Caesar. 2. Gaius 
Trebonius, a Roman knight, B.G., VI, 40. 

Tréveri, -drum, a tribe of northeastern Gaul. 

Triarius, -ri, m., a commander under Pompey. 

Triboci, -drum, m., a tribe of Germans in Belgic Gaul. 

Troezén, Troezénis, (acc. -a), f., a city in the Peloponnesus. 

Troucillus, -i, m., Gazus Valerius Troucillus, a Gallic interpreter. 

Tulingi, -drum, m., a tribe in Germany on the Rhine. : 

Tullius, -li, m., the name of a Roman gens. See Cicero. 

Turoni, -Orum, m., a tribe of central Gaul. 

Tusculum, -i, n., a city of Latium. 

Titicanus, -i, m., 7uticanus Gallus, one of Caesar’s followers. 


Ubil, -drum, m., a German tribe on the Rhine. 
Usipetés, -um, m!, a German tribe on the lower Rhine. 


238 ) INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 


Valerius, -ri, m., the name of a Roman gens. See Troucillus, Flaccus, 
Cabirus, Procillus, Messala. : . 

Vangionés, -um, 8 a German tribe on the Rhine. 

Varro, -Onis, m. 1. Gaius Terentius Varro, consul, B.C. 216, 2, Aulus 
Terentius Pires a soldier of Pompey. 

Vatinius, -ni, m., Publius Vatinius, a lieutenant of Caesar. 

Veliocassés, -um, m., a Belgic tribe of northern Gaul. 

Vellavii, -orum, m., a tribe of southern Gaul. 

Venelli, -drum, m., a tribe of northern Gaul. 

Veneti, -drum, m., a tribe of extreme western Gaul. 

Veneticus, -a, -um, of the Vene/i. 

Venusia, -ae, f., a town of Apulia, in southern Italy. 

Veragri, rum, m., a tribe in the Alps. 

Verbigenus, -i, m., a district of Helvetia. 

Vercassivellaunus, -i, m., a chieftain of the Arverni. 

Vercingetorix, -igis, m., a chieftain of the Arverni, and leader of the 
Gauls. 

Vertic6, -dnis, m., one of the Nervii. 

Verucloetius, -ti, m., an ambassador of the Helvetii. 

Vesontid, -dnis, m., a town of the Sequani. 

Victoria, -ae, f., the goddess of victory. 

Viridomarus, -i, m., a chief of the Haedui. 

Viridovix, -icis, m., a chief of the Venelli. 

Viromandul, -drum, m., a tribe of Belgic Gaul. 

Vocatés, -ium, m., a people of Aquitania. 

Voccid, -dnis, m., a king of Noricum. 

Vocontil, -drum, m., a tribe of extreme scutheantetn Gaul. 

Volcae, -4rum, m., see Tectosagés. 

Volusénus, -1, m., Gaius Volusenus Quadratus, a military tribune. 

Vorénus, -1, m., Zucius Vorenus, a centurion in Caesar’s army. 

Vulcanus, -i, m., the god of fire. 

Vuls6, -inis, m., Guaeus Manlius Vulso, consul, B.c. 189. 


Xerxés, -is, m., a king of Persia. 


Zama, -ae, f., a town of Numidia in Africa. 





ESSENTIALS OF LATIN FOR 
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By HENRY C. PEARSON, Horace Mann School, 
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Composition, Greek Prose Composition 


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